Operational Amplifiers (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Operational Amplifiers 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Preface 10
Part 1: The Operational Amplifier 12
Chapter 1. Basic Concepts 14
1.1 The Operational Amplifier 14
1.2 Operational Circuit 16
1.3 Ideal Operational Amplifier and Ideal Operational Circuit 17
1.4 Summary 18
References 18
Chapter 2. Operational Amplifier Parameters 20
2.1 Linear Parameters and Linear Model 20
2.2 Nonlinear Parameters 34
2.3 Settling Time and Overdrive Recovery Time 35
2.4 Summary 37
References 37
Chapter 3. Operational Amplifier Properties 38
3.1 Bipolar Input Stage 38
3.2 FET-lnput Stage 56
3.3 Examples of Input Stage Design 70
3.4 Output Stage 78
3.5 Frequency Compensation 84
3.6 Summary 90
References 93
Part 2: The Operational Circuit 98
Chapter 4. The Ideal Operational Circuit 100
4.1 Types of Operational Circuits 100
4.2 Parallel Operational Circuit 103
4.3 Series Operational Circuit 112
4.4 Composite Operational Circuits 115
4.5 Summary 124
References 125
Chapter 5. Analysis of the Real Operational Circuit 126
5.1 Feedback Factor 128
5.2 Operational Equation 135
5.3 Closed-Loop Gain 139
5.4 Dynamic Behavior of Selected Operational Circuits 148
5.5 Summary 161
References 162
Chapter 6. Static and Dynamic Errorsin the Frequency Domain 166
6.1 Vector, Amplitude, and Phase Errors 167
6.2 Static Errors 173
6.3 Dynamic Errors 180
6.4 Measurement of Errors 193
6.5 Summary 195
References 197
Chapter 7. Dynamic Errors in the Time Domain 200
7.1 Operational-Circuit Settling Time 200
7.2 Frequency Doublet 206
7.3 Summing-Junction Capacitance 217
7.4 Rate Error 222
7.5 Measurement of Settling Time 224
7.6 Summary 229
References 231
Chapter 8. Input and Output Impedances 234
8.1 Operational-Circuit Input Impedance 234
8.2 Operational-Circuit Output Impedance 241
8.3 Summary 244
References 245
Chapter 9. Offset 246
9.1 Basic Relationships 246
9.2 Offset of Simple Operational Circuits 252
9.3 Offset Due to Feedback Network 276
9.4 Operational-Circuit Offset Nulling 283
9.5 Summary 286
References 288
Chapter 10. Noise 290
10.1 Noise Filtering 290
10.2 Operational-Circuit Low-Frequency Noise 298
10.3 Operational-Circuit Wideband Noise 310
10.4 Interference Noise 312
10.5 Summary 314
References 315
Chapter 11. Stability 318
11.1 Feedback Stability 318
11.2 Operational-Circuit Frequency Compensation 343
11.3 Summary 360
References 362
Chapter 12. Good Laboratory Practices 364
12.1 Design Practices 364
12.2 Troubleshooting 367
12.3 Summary 370
References 370
Appendix A: Summary Tables 372
Index 392