Principles of Structural Design

Ram S. Gupta earned a master’s in engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, India, and a PhD from Polytechnic University, New York. He is a registered professional engineer in Rhode Island and Massachusetts, and is currently working as a professor of engineering at Roger Williams University (RWU), Bristol, Rhode Island. Dr. Gupta is president of Delta Engineers Inc., a Rhode Island-based consulting company. Besides contributing to a very large number of research papers, Dr. Gupta has authored three books including Principles of Structural Design: Wood, Steel, and Concrete (Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, 2010).

Section I Design Loads


Design Criteria


Classification of Buildings


Building Codes


Standard Unit Loads


Tributary Area


Working Stress Design, Strength Design, and Unified Design of Structures


Elastic and Plastic Designs


Combinations of Loads


Other Loads


Continuous Load Path for Structural Integrity


Problems


Primary Loads: Dead Loads and Live Loads


Dead Loads


Live Loads


Floor Live Loads


Other Provisions for Floor Live Loads


Roof Live Loads, Lr


Problems


Snow Loads


Introduction


Minimum Snow Load for Low-Slope Roofs


Balanced Snow Load


Rain-on-Snow Surcharge


Partial Loading of the Balanced Snow Load


Unbalanced across the Ridge Snow Load


Snow Drift from a Higher to a Lower Roof


Sliding Snow Load on Lower Roof


Sliding Snow Load on Separated Structures


Problems


Wind Loads


Introduction


Definition of Terms


Procedures for MWFRS


Simplified Procedure for MWFRS for Low-Rise Buildings


Procedures for Components and Cladding


Simplified Procedure for Components and Cladding for


Low-Rise Buildings


Problems


Earthquake Loads


Seismic Forces


Seismic Design Procedures


Definitions


Ground Motion Response Accelerations


Importance Factor, I


Seismic Design Categories


Exemptions from Seismic Designs


Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure to Determine Seismic Force


Distribution of Seismic Forces


Design Earthquake Load


Soil-Structure Interaction


Problems


Section II Wood Structures


Wood Specifications


Engineering Properties of Sawn Lumber


Reference Design Values for Sawn Lumber


Adjustments to the Reference Design Values for Sawn Lumber


Load Resistance Factor Design with Wood


Structural Glued Laminated Timber


Reference Design Values for Glued Laminated Timber


Adjustment Factors for Glued Laminated Timber


Structural Composite Lumber


Summary of Adjustment Factors


Problems


Flexure and Axially Loaded Wood Structures


Introduction


Design of Beams


Bending Criteria of Design


Beam Stability Factor, CL


Shear Criteria


Deflection Criteria


Creep Deflection


Bearing at Supports


Design of Axial Tension Members


Design of Columns


Column Stability Factor, CP


Design for Combined Bending and Compression


Problems


Wood Connections


Types of Connections and Fasteners


Dowel-Type Fasteners (Nails, Screws, Bolts, Pins)


Yield Limit Theory for Laterally Loaded Fasteners


Yield Mechanisms and Yield Limit Equations


Reference Design Values for Lateral Loads (Shear Connections)


Reference Design Values for Withdrawal Loads


Adjustments of the Reference Design Values


Nail and Screw Connections


Bolt and Lag Screw Connections


Problems


Section III Steel Structures


Tension Steel Members


Properties of Steel


Provisions to Design Steel Structures


Unified Design Specifications


Design of Tension Members


Tensile Strength of Elements


Block Shear Strength


Design Procedure for Tension Members


Problems


Compression Steel Members


Strength of Compression Members or Columns


Local Buckling Criteria


Flexural Buckling Criteria


Effective Length Factor for Slenderness Ratio


Limit States for Compression Design


Nonslender Members


Single-Angle Members


Built-Up Members


Slender Compression Members


Use of the Compression Tables


Problems


Flexural Steel Members


Basis of Design


Nominal Strength of Steel in Flexure


Lateral Unsupported Length


Fully Plastic Zone with Adequate Lateral Support


Inelastic Lateral Torsional Buckling Zone


Modification Factor Cb


Elastic Lateral Torsional Buckling Zone


Noncompact and Slender Beam Sections for Flexure


Compact Full Plastic Limit


Noncompact Flange Local Buckling


Slender Flange Local Buckling


Summary of Beam Relations


Design Aids


Shear Strength of Steel


Beam Deflection Limitations


Problems


Combined Forces on Steel Members


Design Approach to Combined Forces


Combination of Tensile and Flexure Forces


Combination of Compression and Flexure Forces: The


Beam-Column Members


Braced Frame Design


Magnification Factor for Sway, B2


K Values for Unbraced Frames


Unbraced Frame Design


Open-Web Steel Joists


Joist Girders


Problems


Steel Connections


Types of Connections and Joints


Bolted Connections


Specifications for Spacing of Bolts and Edge Distance


Bearing-Type Connections


Slip-Critical Connections


Tensile Load on Bolts


Combined Shear and Tensile Forces on Bolts


Welded Connections


Groove Welds


Fillet Welds


Strength of Weld


Frame Connections


Shear or Simple Connection for Frames


Single-Plate Shear Connection for Frames


Moment-Resisting Connection for Frames


Problems


Section IV Reinforced Concrete Structures


Flexural Reinforced Concrete Members


Properties of Reinforced Concrete


Compression Strength of Concrete


Design Strength of Concrete


Strength of Reinforcing Steel


Load Resistance Factor Design Basis of Concrete


Reinforced Concrete Beams


Derivation of the Beam Relations


Strain Diagram and Modes of Failure


Balanced and Recommended Steel Percentages


Minimum Percentage of Steel


Strength Reduction Factor for Concrete


Specifications for Beams


Analysis of Beams


Design of Beams


One-Way Slab


Specifications for Slabs


Analysis of One-Way Slab


Design of One-Way Slab


Problems


Doubly and T Reinforced Concrete Beams


Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beams


Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Beams


Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams


Monolithic Slab and Beam (T Beams)


Analysis of T Beams


Design of T Beams


Problems


Shear and Torsion in Reinforced Concrete


Stress Distribution in Beam


Diagonal Cracking of Concrete


Strength of Web (Shear) Reinforced Beam


Shear Contribution of Concrete


Shear Contribution of Web Reinforcement


Specifications for Web (Shear) Reinforcement


Analysis for Shear Capacity


Design for Shear Capacity


Torsion in Concrete


Provision for Torsional Reinforcement


Problems


Compression and Combined Forces Reinforced Concrete Members


Types of Columns


Strength of Spirals


Specifications for Columns


Analysis of Axially Loaded Columns


Design of Axially Loaded Columns


Short Columns with Combined Loads


Effects of Moment on Short Columns


Characteristics of the Interaction Diagram


Application of the Interaction Diagram


Analysis of Short Columns for Combined Loading


Design of Short Columns for Combined Loading


Long or Slender Columns


Problems


Bibliography


Appendices


Index