Advances in Applied Microbiology (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Advances in Applied Microbiology 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Contributors 10
Chapter 1: Multiple Effector Mechanisms Induced by Recombinant Listeria monocytogenes Anticancer Immunotherapeutics 12
I. Introduction 13
II. Molecular Determinants of L. monocytogenes Virulence 14
A. Virulence factors associated with L. monocytogenes invasion 14
B. L. monocytogenes survival in the macrophage 15
III. Immune Response to L. monocytogenes Infection 17
A. Innate immunity 17
B. Cellular immune responses 19
IV. Recombinant L. monocytogenes as a Vaccine Vector 23
A. Construction of recombinant L. monocytogenes strains 23
B. LLO and ACTA as adjuvants in L. monocytogenes based immunotherapy 24
V. The Pleiotropic Effects of L. monocytogenes on the Tumor Microenvironment 25
A. Protective and therapeutic tumor immunity 25
B. L. monocytogenes promotes a favorable intratumoral milieu 26
C. Effect of L. monocytogenes vaccination on regulatory T cells in the tumors 29
D. Implication of the immune response to L. monocytogenes infection: L. monocytogenes within the tumor 30
VI. Conclusions and Future Prospects 30
References 31
Chapter 2: Diagnosis of Clinically Relevant Fungi in Medicine and Veterinary Sciences 40
I. Introduction 41
A. The general structure of fungi 41
B. Clinically relevant species of fungi 43
II. Non molecular Methods of Fungal Diagnosis 47
A. Microscopy 47
B. Culture 49
C. UV wood's Lamp 50
D. Radiology 50
E. Spectroscopy 51
III. Molecular Techniques for Fungal Diagnosis 52
A. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 52
B. Serological methods 56
IV. Conclusion 58
References 59
Chapter 3: Diversity in Bacterial Chemotactic Responses and Niche Adaptation 64
I. Introduction 65
II. Molecular Mechanisms of Bacterial Chemotaxis 66
A. Chemotaxis: Control of the motility pattern 66
B. Molecular mechanisms of chemotaxis: The E. coli paradigm 68
C. Bacillus subtilis, another model for chemotaxis signal transduction 70
III. Diversity in Chemotaxis 72
A. Complete genome sequencing projects and the diversity in chemotaxis 72
B. Chemotaxis in bacterial species colonizing diverse niches 74
IV. Characterizing the Chemotaxis Response: Qualitative and Quantitative Assays 75
A. Temporal gradient assays 76
B. Spatial gradient assays 77
C. Use of chemotaxis assays to characterize new microbial functions 81
V. Conclusions and Future Prospects 81
Acknowledgments 82
References 82
Chapter 4: Cutinases: Properties and Industrial Applications 88
I. Introduction 89
II. Cutinase Characteristics 90
III. Applications of Cutinase 91
A. Oil and dairy products 93
B. Flavor compounds 94
C. Phenolic compounds production 95
D. Insecticide and pesticide degradation 96
E. Textile industry and laundry 97
F. Polymer chemistry 98
G. Enantioselective esterification reactions 100
H. Food industry 101
IV. Conclusion 102
Acknowledgements 102
References 102
Chapter 5: Microbial Deterioration of Stone Monuments-An Updated Overview 108
I. Introduction 109
II. Microbial Ecology of Outdoor Stone Surfaces 110
A. Molecular biology in the study of epi- and endo-lithic microorganisms 112
B. Effect of climate and substrate on microflora 113
III. Mechanisms of Microbial Biodeterioration 116
A. Biofilms 117
B. Discoloration 118
C. Salting 120
D. Physical damage 121
E. Inorganic acids 121
F. Organic acids 122
G. Osmolytes 123
IV. Microorganisms Detected on Historic Monuments 123
A. Phototrophic microorganisms 123
B. Chemoorganotrophic microorganisms 131
C. Chemolithotrophic microorganisms 135
V. Control of Biodeteriorating Microorganisms 137
VI. Conclusions 138
References 139
Chapter 6: Microbial Processes in Oil Fields: Culprits, Problems, and Opportunities 152
I. Introduction 153
II. Factors Governing Oil Recovery 155
III. Microbial Ecology of Oil Reservoirs 158
A. Origins of microorganisms recovered from oil reservoirs 158
B. Microorganisms isolated from oil reservoirs 159
C. Culture-independent analysis of microbial communities in oil reservoirs 166
IV. Deleterious Microbial Activities: Hydrogen Sulfide Production (or Souring) 174
A. Current souring control approaches 174
B. Microbial control of souring 175
V. Microbial Activities and Products Useful For Oil Recovery 178
A. Paraffin control 182
B. Biogenic acid, solvent, and gas production 199
C. Biosurfactant production 205
D. Emulsifiers 216
E. Exopolymer production and selective plugging 217
F. In situ hydrocarbon metabolism 223
VI. Implementation of Meor 225
A. Treatment strategies 226
B. Nutrients selection 228
C. Monitoring the success of MEOR field trials 229
VII. Current and Future Directions 231
A. Biosurfactant formulations 231
B. Understanding the microbial ecology of oil reservoirs 233
VIII. Conclusions 235
Acknowledgments 236
References 236
Index 264
Contents of Previous Volumes 270
Color Plates Section 282