Vaccines: A Biography (eBook)

Artenstein_Frontmatter.pdf 1
Anchor 2 9
Anchor 3 13
Artenstein_Ch01.pdf 18
Chapter 1 18
Vaccinology in Context: The Historical Burden of Infectious Diseases 18
References 22
Artenstein_Ch02.pdf 25
Chapter 2 25
Smallpox 25
2.1 A Brief History of Smallpox 25
2.2 Pre-Jennerian Smallpox Vaccine History 26
2.3 Jenner and Beyond 32
2.4 Global Eradication 36
2.5 Post-Eradication Vaccination 40
2.6 Future Prospects 41
References 43
Artenstein_Ch03.pdf 46
Chapter 3 46
A Brief History of Microbiology and Immunology 46
3.1 Introduction 46
3.2 Early Concepts of Contagion and Protection 47
3.3 Mounting Evidence for the Germ Theory of Disease 50
3.4 Microbiology Comes of Age: Louis Pasteur 55
3.5 Robert Koch and the Berlin School of Microbiology 59
3.6 Modern Advances in Microbiology 63
3.7 A Brief History of Immunology 63
3.8 Summary and Conclusions 68
References 69
Artenstein_Ch04.pdf 72
Chapter 4 72
Anthrax 72
4.1 History of the Disease 72
4.2 Control Measures and Animal Anthrax Vaccines 72
4.2.1 Before the Formulation of True Vaccines 72
4.2.2 Early Livestock Vaccines 73
4.2.3 From Pasteur to Sterne 75
4.2.4 Sterne’s 34F2 Vaccine 76
4.2.5 Livestock Vaccines in the United States 78
4.3 Human Anthrax Vaccines 78
4.3.1 Factors and Events Leading to the Perceived Need for Human Vaccines 78
4.3.2 Protective Antigen and the Evolution of Human Vaccines 80
4.3.3 Efficacy and Safety Issues in Relation to the U.S. and U.K. Vaccines 81
4.3.4 Next Generation Vaccines 83
4.4 Future History 83
References 84
Artenstein_Ch05.pdf 87
Chapter 5 87
Rabies 87
5.1 Louis Pasteur: A Brief Biography 87
5.2 Attenuated Vaccines 88
5.3 Rabies in Europe in the Late Nineteenth Century 90
5.4 Rabies Vaccine in Animal Models 90
5.5 The First Human Vaccinations Against Rabies 92
5.6 Ethics and Controversies 96
5.7 Pasteur’s Legacy 97
References 98
Artenstein_Ch06.pdf 100
Chapter 6 100
Killed Vaccines: Cholera, Typhoid, and Plague 100
6.1 Introduction 100
6.2 Cholera 100
6.2.1 Background 100
6.2.2 Vaccine Development 102
6.3 Typhoid 107
6.3.1 Background 107
6.3.2 Vaccine Development 107
6.4 Plague 113
References 114
Artenstein_Ch07.pdf 117
Chapter 7 117
Toxoid Vaccines 117
7.1 Introduction 117
7.2 Historical Background of the Diseases 117
7.3 Advances in Immunology 119
7.3.1 Antitoxin as a Breakthrough 119
7.3.2 From Antitoxins to Vaccines 122
7.3.3 Preventing Pertussis 125
7.3.4 Contemporary Era 129
7.4 Conclusion 130
References 131
Artenstein_Ch08.pdf 137
Chapter 8 137
Tuberculosis and BCG 137
8.1 Tuberculosis History 137
8.1.1 Introduction 137
8.1.2 Etiology 138
8.1.3 Epidemiology 139
8.2 Vaccine History 139
8.2.1 Background 139
8.2.2 BCG Discovery 140
8.2.3 BCG Vaccination 143
8.2.4 BCG Efficacy 146
8.2.5 BCG Strain Diversity 147
8.2.6 New Tuberculosis Vaccines 148
References 149
Artenstein_Ch09.pdf 153
Chapter 9 153
The Discovery of Viruses and the Evolution of Vaccinology 153
References 168
Artenstein_Ch10.pdf 171
Chapter 10 171
Yellow Fever 171
10.1 The Disease and the Need for a Vaccine 171
10.2 First Attempts at Vaccination 172
10.3 Isolation of Yellow Fever Virus 177
10.4 Early, Inactivated Vaccines: 1928–1930 179
10.5 Partially Attenuated live Vaccines and “Sero-immunization”: 1931–1934 181
10.6 Development of the French Neurotropic Virus: 1932–1941 183
10.7 Development of an Alternative Vaccine, 17D: 1931–1938 184
10.8 Field Trials in Brazil 187
10.9 Neurologic Accidents Caused by 17D 188
10.10 The French Neurotropic Vaccine in West Africa: 1942–1953 190
10.11 Adventitious Contamination of Yellow Fever Vaccines 191
10.12 Vaccine Characteristics 192
10.13 Current Status and Lessons Learned 195
References 196
Artenstein_Ch11.pdf 202
Chapter 11 202
Influenza 202
11.1 A Brief History of Influenza and Early Virology 202
11.2 Towards a Vaccine 205
11.3 The Commission on Influenza and Vaccine Development 207
11.4 Immunology and Epidemiology Inform Vaccines 210
11.5 Current Vaccines 212
11.6 Future Outlook 214
References 214
Artenstein_Ch12.pdf 217
Chapter 12 217
Polio 217
12.1 Epidemic Disease 218
12.2 Towards a Vaccine 220
12.3 Aftermath 229
References 230
Artenstein_Ch13.pdf 232
Chapter 13 232
Measles, Mumps, and Rubella 232
13.1 Measles 232
13.1.1 Background 232
13.1.2 History of Vaccine Development 235
13.1.3 Implementation of Vaccination Programs and their Impact on Disease Burden 237
13.2 Mumps 238
13.2.1 Background 238
13.2.2 History of Vaccine Development 240
13.2.3 Implementation of Vaccination Programs and Impact on Burden of Disease 243
13.3 Rubella 244
13.3.1 Background 244
13.3.2 History of Vaccine Development 246
13.3.3 Implementation of Vaccination Programs and Impact on Burden of Disease 249
References 250
Artenstein_Ch14.pdf 257
Chapter 14 257
Diseases of Military Importance 257
14.1 Introduction 257
14.2 Typhus 257
14.2.1 Background 257
14.2.2 Vaccines 259
14.3 Scrub Typhus (Mite-Borne Typhus or Tsutsugamushi Disease) 262
14.3.1 Vaccines 263
14.4 Adenovirus 264
14.4.1 Discovery of the Viruses and Association with Disease 264
14.4.2 Inactivated Vaccines 266
14.4.3 Live Virus Vaccines 266
14.4.4 Redevelopment of the Vaccine 269
References 269
Artenstein_Ch15.pdf 273
Chapter 15 273
Varicella and Zoster 273
15.1 Introduction 273
15.2 Disease History 273
15.3 Vaccine Development 274
References 282
Artenstein_Ch16.pdf 286
Chapter 16 286
Polysaccharide Vaccines 286
16.1 Polysaccharides as Immunogens 286
16.2 Pneumococcal Vaccine 288
16.3 Meningococcal Vaccine 294
16.4 Hemophilus Influenzae Vaccine 298
16.5 Other Polysaccharide–Protein Conjugates 301
References 302
Artenstein_Ch17.pdf 307
Chapter 17 307
Hepatitis B 307
17.1 Introduction 307
17.2 Disease History 307
17.3 Clinical Epidemiology 308
17.4 Discovery of Hepatitis B Virus 310
17.5 Inventing a Vaccine 312
17.6 Field Trials 313
17.7 Global Vaccination Programs 315
17.8 The First Cancer Vaccine 316
17.9 The Biology of HBV: Genetics and Gender 316
17.10 Conclusions 318
References 318
Artenstein_Ch18.pdf 322
Chapter 18 322
Japanese Encephalitis 322
18.1 Brief History of the Disease 322
18.2 Why the Disease is Important 323
18.3 Inactivated Virus Vaccines 324
18.3.1 Mouse Brain Vaccines 324
18.3.2 Cell Culture Vaccines 325
18.4 Live Attenuated Vaccines 327
18.4.1 SA 14–14–2 327
18.4.2 Internationalization of SA 14–14–2 329
18.5 New Vaccine Approaches 331
18.6 Conclusion 332
References 333
Artenstein_Ch19.pdf 339
Chapter 19 339
Hepatitis A 339
19.1 The Setting for Vaccine Development 339
19.2 Scientific Underpinnings 340
19.3 Strategies for HAV Vaccine Development 341
19.4 Efforts toward Development of an Attenuated Vaccine 342
19.5 Inactivated Hepatitis A Vaccines 343
19.6 The First Human Trial of an Inactivated HAV Vaccine 345
19.6.1 Commercial Development and Proof of Vaccine Efficacy 346
19.7 The Impact of Hepatitis A Vaccines 347
References 348
Artenstein_Ch20.pdf 351
Chapter 20 351
Rotavirus 351
20.1 Introduction 351
20.1.1 Rotavirus Disease Burden and Epidemiology 351
20.1.2 Brief History of Rotavirus Discovery 352
20.1.3 Virology 353
20.1.4 Natural Protection 353
20.2 Approaches to and Development of Rotavirus Vaccines 354
20.2.1 The Classical “Jennerian” Approach: Monovalent, Animal Rotavirus-Based Vaccines 354
20.2.2 The Modified “Jennerian” Approach: Reassortant Rotavirus Vaccines 355
20.2.3 An Alternative Approach: Human Rotavirus Vaccines 359
20.3 Future Challenges 361
References 361
Artenstein_Ch21.pdf 365
Chapter 21 365
Human Papillomaviruses 365
21.1 Papillomavirus-associated Diseases 365
21.1.1 Cervical Cancer: A Historical Perspective 365
21.1.2 Papillomaviruses and Human Cancer 366
21.1.3 Papillomavirus and Other Human Diseases 367
21.1.4 The Natural History of Human Papillomavirus Infections 368
21.2 Approaches to and Development of the Papillomavirus Vaccines 368
21.2.1 Preclinical Studies 368
21.2.2 Challenges for the Development of a Human Papillomavirus Vaccine 369
21.2.3 HPV Vaccine Development in the Molecular Era 369
21.2.4 Commercial Development of HPV Vaccines 370
21.2.5 Clinical Trials of HPV Vaccines 371
21.2.6 Vaccine Deployment Issues and Controversies 372
21.2.7 One Target, Two Products? 372
21.2.8 Alternate Vaccines for HPV 373
21.2.9 Unanswered Questions 373
21.3 HPV Vaccines Today 374
References 374
Artenstein_Ch22.pdf 378
Chapter 22 378
The Future of Vaccine Discovery and Development 378
22.1 Introduction 378
22.2 A Fresh Look at the Human–Microbe Interplay 378
22.3 Discovery of a Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Candidate 381
22.4 Immunogenicity of Recombinant Proteins 382
22.5 Vaccines Against Malignancy 384
22.6 Lessons Learned and Future Challenges 385
References 387
Artenstein_Backmatter.pdf 389
Artenstein_Name Index.pdf 389
Artenstein_Subject Index.pdf 394