Progress in Botany 72 (eBook)

Editorial 6
Contents 8
Contributors 10
Part I: Review 13
Curriculum Vitae 14
Sixty Years Research with Characean Cells: Fascinating Material for Plant Cell Biology 16
1 Biology as the Major 14
2 Transcellular Osmosis and Polar Water Permeability 19
2.1 Hydraulic Conductivity (Lp) Is Affected by the Internal Osmotic Pressure 21
2.2 Water Channel 21
3 Artificial Control of the Vacuolar Composition: Vacuolar Perfusion 22
3.1 Development of Vacuolar Perfusion Method 22
3.2 Osmoregulation of Cells Having Artificial Cell Sap 23
4 Artificial Control of the Cytoplasmic Composition: Tonoplast-Free Cell 24
5 Turgor Regulation in Lamprothamnium, a Brackish Charophyte 25
5.1 Energetics of Movements of K+ and Cl- During Turgor Regulation 25
5.2 Ca2+ Signal as a Second Messenger in the Hypotonic Turgor Regulation 25
6 Mechanosensing in Fresh-Water Characean Cells 26
7 Salt Tolerance and Ca2+ 27
8 Cytoplasmic Streaming and Ca2+ 28
8.1 Motive Force Measurement 28
8.2 Excitation-Cessation Coupling (E-C Coupling) 30
8.3 Ca2+ as a Key Factor in E-C coupling 30
8.4 Nature of the Ca2+ Inhibition of Cytoplasmic Streaming 31
8.5 Cell Models as Tools to Study the Structural and Molecular Basis of Cytoplasmic Streaming in Characean Cells 33
9 Electrogenic H+ Pump 34
9.1 Light-Induced Potential Change 34
9.2 Direct Demonstration of the Electrogenic H+-Pump (H+-ATPase) 35
10 Membrane Excitation 36
10.1 Tonoplast Action Potential 36
10.2 Demonstration of the Voltage-Dependent Ca2+ Channel in the Plasma Membrane of Nitellopsis 36
10.3 Possible Involvement of Protein Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation in Regulation of Ca2+ Channel Activity 37
11 Vacuolar Functions 38
12 Intercellular Transport of Ions and Photoassimilates 38
References 39
Part II: Genetics 46
Root Apical Meristem Pattern: Hormone Circuitry and Transcriptional Networks 47
1 Introduction 48
2 An Overview of RAM Organization in Plants 48
3 Environmental Cues and RAM Patterning 51
4 Arabidopsis thaliana 53
4.1 Morphogenetic Establishment of the RAM During Embryogenesis 53
4.2 RAM Pattern 54
4.3 Positional Signaling and Genetic Network Operating in Root Patterning 55
4.3.1 RAM Establishment 57
4.3.2 RAM Maintenance 61
5 Hormonal Circuitry in Determining RAM Size and Pattern 65
5.1 Auxin/Cytokinin Interplay 65
5.2 Ethylene, Gibberellin, Abscisic Acid, and Brassinosteroids 68
6 Stem-Cell State and Chromatin Remodelers 70
7 Conclusions and Perspectives 72
References 73
Evolution, Physiology and Phytochemistry of the Psychotoxic Arable Mimic Weed Darnel (Lolium temulentum L.) 82
1 Introduction 83
2 Phylogeny and Evolution of L. temulentum 83
2.1 The L. temulentum Genome 83
2.2 Molecular Systematics of Lolium 85
2.3 Selection of Domestication Traits in L. temulentum 86
2.4 The Spread and Perpetuation of L. temulentum in Cereal Grain Stocks 88
2.5 Other Lolium spp. Following a Similar Evolutionary Pathway 88
3 Physiology and Biochemistry of L. temulentum 90
3.1 A Model for the Study of Photoperiodic Control of Flowering 90
3.2 Leaf Development and Senescence in L. temulentum 92
3.3 Carbohydrate Metabolism and Carbon Partitioning 94
3.4 L. temulentum and Abiotic Stress 97
4 Biotic Interactions and Toxicity of L. temulentum 100
4.1 Symptoms of Darnel Poisoning 100
4.2 Fungal Endophytes and the Chemistry of Lolium Toxins 101
4.3 Darnel and Ergot 102
4.4 Other Possible Sources of Toxicity in L. temulentum 103
5 L. temulentum in History and Literature 104
References 106
``Omics´´ Technologies and Their Input for the Comprehension of Metabolic Systems Particularly Pertaining to Yeast Organisms 114
1 Introduction 115
2 ``Omics´´ Technologies 115
2.1 Genomics 116
2.2 Functional Genomics 117
2.2.1 Transcriptomics 118
2.2.2 Proteomics 122
2.2.3 Metabolomics 124
2.3 Phenomics 125
3 Conclusions 126
References 126
Part III: Physiology 132
Rhizosphere Signals for Plant-Microbe Interactions: Implications for Field-Grown Plants 133
1 Introduction 134
2 Examples for the Roles of Rhizosphere Signals Under Controlled Conditions 135
2.1 Plant Signals Regulating Interactions with Soil Microbes 135
2.1.1 Plant Signals in the Root Nodule Symbiosis 135
2.1.2 Plant Signals in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis 140
2.2 Perception and Response to Microbial Signals by Plants 141
2.2.1 Nod Factors 141
2.2.2 The Enigmatic ``Myc´´ Factor 143
2.2.3 Quorum Sensing Signals: Implications for Plants 144
2.3 Plant Interference with Rhizosphere Signals 147
2.4 Bacterial Interference with Rhizosphere Signals 148
2.5 Adaptation of Signals for Multiple Purposes and Cross-Signaling 149
3 Signaling in Field Rhizospheres 151
3.1 Time, Distances, and Diffusivities Determine Chance of Signal Exchange 152
3.2 Surfaces and Epitopes for Signal Binding Are Constantly Changing 155
3.3 How Do Root Cells Perceive and Respond to the Rhizosphere Microorganism Community? 157
4 Future Approaches 158
References 159
Impacts of Elevated CO2 on the Growth and Physiology of Plants with Crassulacean Acid Metabolism 170
1 Introduction 171
2 Rising [CO2] and Photosynthesis 171
3 Photosynthesis in CAM Plants Under Elevated [CO2] 173
4 Water Use Efficiency of CAM Plants Under Elevated [CO2] 174
5 Metabolite Dynamics and Carbohydrate Partitioning in CAM Plants Under Elevated [CO2] 175
5.1 Organic Acids 175
5.2 Storage Carbohydrates 176
5.3 Carbohydrate Partitioning 177
6 Morphology and Anatomy of CAM Plants Under Elevated [CO2] 180
7 Growth and Biomass Enhancement of CAM Plants Under Elevated [CO2] 181
8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 182
References 183
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Analysis of Enzyme Products 189
1 Introduction 190
2 Polyketide Synthase Products 191
3 Oxygenase Products 194
4 Methyltransferase Products 200
5 Glycosyltransferase Products 202
6 Acyltransferase Products 205
7 Terpene Synthase Products 208
8 Conclusions 210
References 211
Part IV: Systematics 213
Phylogeny of Cyanobacteria: An Overview 214
1 Introduction 215
2 Molecular Studies: Problems and Limitations 217
3 Genomic Projects 219
4 Main Lineages 220
4.1 Gloeobacter and the Origin of Cyanobacteria 220
4.2 Prochlorococcus, Prochlorothrix, and Prochloron 221
4.3 Basal Clades 221
4.4 Chroococcidiopsis and the Pleurocapsales 222
4.5 Heterocyte-Forming Cyanobacteria 223
5 Conclusions 223
References 224
Part V: Ecology 230
Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes in Trees: Tools to Study Assimilate Transport and Partitioning and to Assess Physiological Responses Towards the Environment 231
1 Introduction 232
2 Assimilate Fluxes Within Trees and Transfer of Carbon to the Soil: Short-Term Dynamics 233
2.1 Tracer Experiments 234
2.2 Natural Abundance Techniques 236
3 Postphotosynthetic Isotope Fractionation 240
4 Isotope Archives 244
5 Conclusions 247
References 247
Appropriate Use of Genetic Manipulation for the Development of Restoration Plant Materials 253
1 Use of Natural and Genetically Manipulated Plant Materials 254
2 Development of Genetically Manipulated Plant Materials 256
3 Responses to Seven Common Objections to Genetically Manipulated Plant Materials 258
3.1 Objection: Manipulated Plant Materials Are Not Genetically Appropriate 258
3.2 Objection: Nonlocal Material May Result in Outbreeding Depression Upon Hybridization with Remnant Indigenous Material 259
3.3 Objection: Broad-Based Plant Materials Themselves Are Subject to Outbreeding Depression 261
3.4 Objection: Manipulated Plant Materials Are Too Well Adapted 261
3.5 Objection: Manipulated Plant Materials Are Poorly Adapted 262
3.6 Objection: Manipulated Plant Materials Developed via Hybridization Have Too Much Genetic Variation 264
3.7 Objection: Cultivars Have Inadequate Levels of Genetic Variation 265
4 Conclusion 266
References 266
Photosynthesis and Stomatal Behaviour 269
1 Introduction 270
1.1 Stomatal Function, Plant Productivity and Water Use Efficiency 271
2 Stomata Responses to Environmental Parameters 273
2.1 Stomatal Responses to CO2 Concentration 273
2.2 Stomatal Responses to Light 275
2.3 Temperature Response of Stomata 276
2.4 Stomatal Responses Under Fluctuating Environmental Conditions 277
2.5 Night Time Stomatal Conductance 280
3 Stomatal Interactions with Photosynthesis 280
3.1 Photosynthetic Pathways and Stomatal Function 280
3.2 Correlation Between Stomatal Conductance and Photosynthetic Capacity 283
3.2.1 Evidence for and Against a Mesophyll Driven Signal 283
3.3 Involvement of Guard Cell Photosynthesis in Stomatal Responses 285
3.4 Sucrose as Signal Between Photosynthesis and Stomatal Behaviour 286
3.5 ROS Signalling in Stomata and Relationship with Photosynthesis 287
3.6 Role for Respiration 288
4 Environmental Control of Stomatal Development and the Role of Photosynthesis 289
4.1 The Genetic Pathway of Stomatal Development 289
4.2 Interaction Between Stomatal Development Genes and Environmental Signals 290
4.3 Systemic Signals and Control of Stomatal Density in Response to the Environment 291
4.4 Hydraulic Conductance Correlates with Stomatal Behaviour 292
5 Stomatal Manipulation to Improve Water Use Efficiency 293
6 Scaling-Up: From Leaf to Canopy 295
7 Conclusion 297
References 297
Impacts of Ultraviolet Radiation on Interactions Between Plants and Herbivorous Insects: A Chemo-Ecological Perspective 309
1 Introduction 310
2 UV Perception and Responses of Plants 311
2.1 UV-B Stress Responses of Plants 311
2.2 Photomorphogenic Plant Responses to UV 312
3 Investigation Methods of UV Impacts on Plant-Insect Interactions 313
3.1 Supplemental UV 313
3.2 Selective UV Exclusion 314
4 Effects of UV on Plant Chemistry and Plant-Insect Interactions 315
4.1 Epicuticular Waxes 315
4.2 Phytohormones 317
4.3 Proteinase Inhibitors 319
4.4 Phenolic Compounds 319
4.4.1 Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivatives 320
4.4.2 Flavonoids 320
4.4.3 Tannins 329
4.4.4 Lignins 330
4.4.5 Furanocoumarins 330
4.5 Alkaloids 331
4.5.1 Glucosinolates 332
4.5.2 Camalexin 333
4.5.3 Nicotine 334
4.5.4 Polyamines 334
4.6 Terpenoids 334
4.6.1 Iridoid Glycosides 335
4.6.2 Volatile Organic Compounds 336
5 Direct Effects of UV on Herbivores and Their Natural Enemies 337
6 Conclusions and Outlook 338
References 341
Space as a Resource 352
1 Introduction: Space-Niche-Resource 353
1.1 ``Empty´´ Space 353
1.2 Space and Niche 354
1.3 Space and Resource 354
1.4 Is Space in Itself a Resource? 355
2 Competition for Resources: Space Occupation and Exploitation 355
2.1 Aboveground Competition for Light 355
2.1.1 Steady-State Situation 355
Cost-Benefit Relations 355
Cost-Efficient Strategies in Competition for Space: Epiphytes, Lianas, and Stranglers 357
2.1.2 Dynamic Situation: The Dimension of Time 359
2.2 Belowground Competition for Water and Nutrients 360
3 Sharing the Space: Facilitation 362
3.1 Importance of Facilitation Relative to Competition 362
3.2 Examples for Facilitation 363
3.2.1 Hydraulic Redistribution 363
3.2.2 Vegetation Islands 363
3.2.3 Epiphyte Nests 364
3.3 Applied Facilitation: Exotic Forest Plantations and Regeneration of Native Vegetation 364
4 Synthesis 366
References 368
Photorespiration in Phase III of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism: Evolutionary and Ecophysiological Implications 374
1 Introduction: Conserved Early Properties of Ribulose-Bis-Phosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase and the Evolution of Photorespiratio 375
2 Evolution of RubisCO Specificity and Carbon Concentrating Mechanisms 376
3 Oxidative Stress, Antioxidative Reactions, and Photorespiration in CAM Plants 377
4 O2 Concentrating and Photorespiration in Phase III of CAM 378
5 Calculation of vO2 vCO2 of RubisCO for C3-Photosynthesisand Phase III of CAM 379
6 Concomitant Measurements of CO2 and O2 Gas Exchange 384
7 Evaluation of Assumptions 384
8 Conclusions and Outlook 385
References 386
Index 388