Cotton (eBook)

183515_1_En_BookFrontmatter_OnlinePDF 2
183515_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF 17
Chapter 1: Cotton: An Introduction 17
Introduction 17
History and Taxonomy 18
Origin and Distribution 21
Origin, Domestication and Distributioin of Diploids 22
Origin, Domestication and Distribution of Allotetraploid Cottons 23
Germplasm Resources in Cotton 26
Primary Gene Pool 26
Secondary Gene Pools 27
Tertiary Gene Pool 27
References 28
183515_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF 31
Chapter 2: Cotton in India 31
Introduction 31
Cotton Improvement in India 34
General Selection Procedures 35
Methods to Exploit Heterosis and/or Recombination 35
Breeding Cotton Hybrids 35
Synthetic Varieties 36
Multilines 36
Population Improvement Approaches 36
Recurrent Selection 37
Breeding Methods for Specific Purposes 37
Back Cross Method 37
Mutation Breeding 37
Utilization of Wild Species 38
Composite Crossing 39
Heterosis Breeding in Cotton 39
General Features of Hybrid Vigor in Cotton 40
Hybrid Seed Production Techniques in Cotton 40
Identification of Good Combiners 40
Hand Emasculation and Pollination 41
Use of Male Sterility 41
Male Sterility in Tetraploid 41
Genetic Male Sterility 41
Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility 42
Male Sterility in Diploids 42
Thermo Sensitive Genetic Male Sterility 43
Bee Pollination 43
Factors Affecting Yield and Quality of Hybrid Seed 44
Apomixis 44
Breeding for Insect Resistance 45
Conventional Breeding Approach 45
Antixenosis (Non-Preference) 46
Antibiosis 46
Avoidance or Escapism 46
Biotechnological Approach 47
Tissue Culture 47
Genetic Engineering 47
Bt Cotton 48
Development of Bt Kits 51
Disease Resistance 51
Fiber Quality and Its Improvement 53
Value Addition for Cotton 53
Export 54
Naturally Colored Cotton 55
Molecular Marker Techniques Used in Cotton Improvement 55
Future Strategies 55
References 56
183515_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF 61
Chapter 3: Cotton Genomics 61
The Need for Cotton Biotechnology 61
Genetic Mapping and DNA Marker-Assisted Breeding 62
Genetic Mapping and DNA Markers 62
Trait and QTL Mapping 63
Genome-Wide Introgression 64
The Cotton Genomes and Progress Towards Their Sequencing 65
The Cotton Transcriptome and Patterns of Gene Expression 65
Beyond the Transcriptome - Sequencing of Entire Cotton Genomes 66
After the Sequence - Analysis of Cotton Gene Functions 70
Deductions from Correspondence of Cotton Genes to Those of Other Organisms 70
Mutagenesis of Cotton Genes to Determine the Phenotypic Effects of Their Loss 70
Transformation 71
References 72
183515_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF 80
Chapter 4: Cotton Transformation 80
Introduction 80
Cotton Tissue Culture 81
Transformation 83
Conclusion 88
References 88
183515_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF 93
Chapter 5: New Tools and Traits for Cotton Improvement 93
Introduction 93
Insect-Protected Cotton 95
Herbicide-Resistant Cotton 97
Disease and Nematode Pathogens 98
Abiotic Stresses 99
Quality Traits 99
Breeding Technology 101
Advances in Yield 103
Conclusions 103
References 105
183515_1_En_6_Chapter_OnlinePDF 109
Chapter 6: Insect Tolerant Cotton in India 109
Insect Pests of Cotton 110
Development of Bt Cotton in India 112
Adoption of Bollgard IIAdoption of Bollgard II Cotton 113
Chronology of Bt Cotton Development 113
Biosafety Assessment of Bt Cotton in India 114
Environmental, Food and Feed Safety AssessmentENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY ASSESSMENT 115
Insect Resistance Management in Bt Cotton 115
Insect Resistance Management strategy in IndiaInsect Resistance Management strategy in India 116
Bt Cotton Adoption and Grower ComplianceBt cotton adoption and grower compliance 118
Resistance Monitoring Program 118
Bt Cotton - an Integral Part of Cotton IPM Programs 119
General Scheme of Transgenic Breeding of Bt Cotton 121
Quality Assurance in Bt Cotton 121
Conclusions and Future 122
References 123
183515_1_En_7_Chapter_OnlinePDF 126
Chapter 7: Insect Resistance Management for Transgenic Bt Cotton 126
Introduction 126
The Nature of Current Commercial Bt Cotton Products 127
The Basics of IRM for Bt Cotton Technologies 128
Product Performance 128
Genetics of Insect Resistance 128
Insect Behavior 129
Components of IRM Programs for Bt Cotton 129
Adapting IRM Practices to Local Needs 131
The Role of Pyramided Bt Cotton Products in IRM 131
The Role of ``Natural Refuge´´ in IRM 133
Combining Pyramided Products and Natural Refuge: Bollgard II Cotton in the USA 134
Conclusions 136
References 136
183515_1_En_8_Chapter_OnlinePDF 139
Chapter 8: Opportunities for Engineering Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Cotton Plants 139
Introduction 139
Single-Action Genes 141
Antioxidants 142
Osmoprotectants 143
Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) Proteins 144
Heat Shock Proteins 145
Membrane Transporters 145
Multifunctional Genes 146
Transcription Factors 147
Protein Kinases 154
Ubiquitin and SUMO Ligases 155
MicroRNAs 158
Conclusions 159
References 160
183515_1_En_9_Chapter_OnlinePDF 173
Chapter 9: Recent Advances in Molecular Biology Research on Cotton Fiber Development 173
Introduction 173
Transcriptome of Cotton Fiber 174
Functional Identification of Genes Related to Cotton Fiber Development 176
Transcription Factors 176
Phytohormones 178
Auxin and GA 178
BR and Ethylene 179
ABA and Cytokinin 180
Cytoskeleton Genes 180
Other Genes 181
Fiber-Specific Promoters 182
Experimental Systems Used for Investigation of Cotton Fiber Genes 183
Summary and Perspectives 183
References 183
183515_1_En_10_Chapter_OnlinePDF 188
Chapter 10: Global Adoption of Biotech Cotton, 1996 to 2007 188
Introduction 188
Regulation and Approval of Biotech Cotton 188
Global Hectarage of Biotech Cotton, 1996-2007 189
Country Case Studies 193
India Case Study 194
Introduction 194
Approval and Adoption of Bt Cotton in India 194
Approval of Gene Events and Bt Cotton Hybrids in India 197
China Case Study 199
Introduction 199
The Development and Adoption of Biotech Cotton in China 200
USA Case Study 202
Introduction 202
Adoption of Biotech Cotton in the USA 203
Australia Case Study 204
Introduction 204
Adoption of Biotech Cotton in Australia 204
References 206
183515_1_En_11_Chapter_OnlinePDF 208
Chapter 11: Regulatory Systems and Requirements for Genetically Engineered Cotton from Lab to Land 208
Biotech Crops 208
Beginnings of Biotech Regulation 209
Components of Regulatory System/Framework 210
A Regulatory Regime 210
Administrative Systems 212
Potential Risks and Benefits Associated with GM Crops 213
Perceived Risk to Human Health 214
Risk of Toxicity 215
Risk of Allergies 215
Antibiotic Resistance 215
Consuming Foreign DNA 216
Risk to Environment 217
Persistence of Transgene or of Transgene Products 217
Interaction with Non-target Organisms 217
Unpredictable Gene Expression or Transgene Instability 217
Gene Flow 217
Resistance/Tolerance of Target Organisms 218
Increased Weediness 218
Loss of Biodiversity/Reduction of Cultivars 219
Changes in the Soil Ecology 219
Social and Ethical Concerns 219
Regulatory Requirements: The Case of Bt Cotton Commercialisation in India: The First GM Crop of the Sub-Continent 220
Steps Involved in the Commercial Release of Bt Cotton 221
Biosafety Studies Conducted on Bt Cotton 222
Pollen Escape 222
Aggressiveness and Weediness 223
Soil Analysis 223
Degradation Kinetics of Cry1Ac Protein in Soil 223
Soil Microflora 224
Effect of Bt Protein on Non-target Organisms 224
Confirmation of the Absence of Terminator Gene 224
Baseline Susceptibility Study 225
Other Studies 225
Fish 225
Chicken 226
Cows and Buffaloes 226
Toxicological and Allergenicity Studies 226
Allergenicity Studies 226
Toxicological Study 227
cry1Ac Gene and Protein in Bt Cottonseed Oil 227
Agronomic Evaluation of Bt Cotton 227
Indian GMO Research and Future Expectations 228
Conclusions 229
References 230
183515_1_En_12_Chapter_OnlinePDF 232
Chapter 12: Socioeconomic Impacts of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) Cotton 232
Introduction 232
Farm Level Effects of Bt Cotton 233
Insecticide and Yield Effects 233
Farmer Health Effects 236
Seed Prices and Profit Effects 238
Variability of Effects 241
Household Income and Poverty Effects of Bt Cotton 242
Village Modeling Approach 242
Simulation Results 243
Macroeconomic Effects of Bt Cotton 245
Partial Equilibrium Approaches 245
General Equilibrium Approaches 247
Conclusions 248
References 249
183515_1_En_BookBackmatter_OnlinePDF 252
: Index 252