Plant Developmental Biology - Biotechnological Perspectives (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 6
Contributors 16
Part I Models for Plant Development 22
Chapter 1 Gene Regulatory Models for Plant Development and Evolution 23
1.1 Introduction: the Need for Mathematical Models to Understand Plant Development 23
1.2 Dynamic GRN Models 24
1.3 Inference of GRN Topology from Microarray Experiments 27
1.4 GRN Models for Modules of Plant Development 29
1.5 The Constructive Role of Stochasticity in GRN and Other Complex Biological Systems 34
1.6 GRN Structure and Evolution 35
1.7 Conclusions 37
References 37
Chapter 2 Arabidopsis as Model for Developmental Regulation and Crop Improvement 41
2.1 Introduction 41
2.2 Knowledge Gained in Arabidopsis Is Available for Crop Scientists 42
2.3 Plant Architecture-Related Genes and Their Potential Uses in Crop Improvement 42
2.4 Understanding Abiotic Stresses to Improve Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses 47
2.5 Prospective Remarks 48
References 49
Part II Vegetative Growth and Development 54
Chapter 3 Axillary Shoot Branching in Plants 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Axillary Shoot Development 56
3.3 Hormones Involved in Axillary Bud Formation 61
3.4 Regulatory Pathways Involved in Shoot Branching 64
3.5 Future Perspectives 67
References 67
Chapter 4 Bud Dormancy and Growth 71
4.1 Introduction 71
4.2 Regulation of Paradormancy 72
4.3 Regulation of Endodormancy 75
4.4 Ecodormancy 82
4.5 Regulation of Cell Division and Development Is Important for All Forms of Dormancy 82
4.6 Future Perspectives 84
References 84
Chapter 5 Root Development 89
5.1 Introduction 89
5.2 Plant Root Systems, All But Uniform 89
5.3 Patterning During Root Embryogenesis 94
5.4 Lateral Root Development 98
5.5 Conclusions 101
References 102
Chapter 6 Legume Nodule Development 109
6.1 Introduction 109
6.2 Evolution Towards Nitrogen-Fixing Bacterial Endosymbiosis 110
6.3 Legume Nodule Initiation and Development 111
6.4 NF Perception, Signal Transduction and Genes Involved in the Establishment of Nodulation 114
6.5 Genes Involved in Infection, Formation and Development of Nodules 122
6.6 The Latest Stage of Nodulation: Nodule Senescence 127
6.7 Hormones in Nodulation 129
6.8 Autoregulation 136
6.9 Tools to Study Nodulation in Legumes 139
References 143
Chapter 7 Tuber Development 155
7.1 Introduction 155
7.2 Potato Tuber Development 157
7.3 Summary 165
References 165
Chapter 8 Senescence 169
8.1 Introduction 169
8.2 Senescence in Plants 170
8.3 Symptoms of Senescence 170
8.4 Regulation of Leaf Senescence 173
8.5 Molecular Genetic Regulation of Leaf Senescence 178
8.6 Genetic Manipulation and Application of Leaf Senescence 181
8.7 Conclusions and Outlooks 182
References 183
Part III Reproductive Growth and Development 188
Chapter 9 Floral Organ Initiation and Development 189
9.1 Introduction: the Angiosperm Flower 189
9.2 The MADS Box Family of Transcription Factors 190
9.3 Change from Vegetative Growth to Reproductive Growth 191
9.4 Floral Quartet Model 196
9.5 Autoregulatory Mechanisms 203
9.6 Other Genes Involved in Floral Organogenesis 203
9.7 Targets of the Floral Organ Identity Genes 204
9.8 Summary 205
References 205
Chapter 10 Control of Flower Development 211
10.1 Introduction 211
10.2 Regulation of Floral Organ Development 212
10.3 Genetic Network of Flowering Control 215
10.4 Perspectives 222
References 222
Chapter 11 Development and Function of the Female Gametophyte 225
11.1 Introduction 225
11.2 The Formation of Female Gametes 226
11.3 Genetic Dissection of Female Gametogenesis 229
11.4 Transcriptional Analysis of the Female Gametophyte 230
11.5 Double Fertilization 234
11.6 Future Trends 236
References 237
Chapter 12 Male Gametophyte Development 241
12.1 Introduction 241
12.2 Overview of Pollen Development 242
12.3 Gametophytic Mutants Affecting Pollen Development 243
12.4 Mutants Affecting Gametophytic Cell Divisions (Morphological Screens) 248
12.5 Genes with Roles in Asymmetric Microspore Division 249
12.6 Genes Controlling Male Germline Development 250
12.7 Transcriptomics of Pollen Development 252
12.8 Two Global Male Gametophytic Gene Expression Programmes 253
12.9 Post-Transcriptional Regulation 255
12.10 Integrating Genetic and Transcriptomic Data 255
References 256
Chapter 13 Pollen Germination and Tube Growth 261
13.1 Introduction 261
13.2 Mature Pollen Grains 262
13.3 Pollen-Stigma Interaction 267
13.4 Pollen Germination and Tube Growth 271
13.5 Conclusions 288
References 288
Chapter 15 Fruit Development 317
15.1 Introduction 317
15.2 Floral Development and Fruit Set 318
15.3 Early Fruit Development 320
15.4 Fruit Enlargement 322
15.5 Fruit Maturation and Ripening 325
15.6 Perspectives 329
References 330
Chapter 16 Mechanism of Fruit Ripening 335
16.1 Introduction: Fruit Ripening as a Developmentally Regulated Process 335
16.2 Climacteric and Non-Climacteric Fruit Ripening 337
16.3 Hormone Cross-Talk and Fruit Ripening 343
16.4 Biochemical Changes and Sensory Traits Associated with Fruit Ripening 343
16.5 Molecular Markers and QTL Mapping of Fruit Ripening Traits 345
16.6 Natural Mutants Affected in the Ripening Phenotype 347
16.7 Conclusions and Future Directions 348
References 350
Chapter 17 Seed Development 356
17.1 Introduction 356
17.2 The Use of a Model Plant for the Study of Embryo Development and Maturation 357
17.3 The Genetic Control of the Embryo Maturation Phase 361
17.4 Seed Coat Development and Differentiation 363
17.5 Role of Phytohormones in the Control of Embryo Development and Seed Maturation 365
17.6 Conclusions 367
References 368
Chapter 18 Seed Dormancy: Approaches for Finding New Genes in Cereals 375
18.1 Introduction 375
18.2 Approaches for Discovering Dormancy-Related Genes 379
18.3 Strategies for Modifying Dormancy in Cereals 387
18.4 Conclusions and Perspectives 389
References 389
Chapter 19 Seed Germination 396
19.1 Introduction 396
19.2 Seed Structure and Germination 396
19.3 Hormonal Regulation of Germination 401
19.4 Germination Determinants Other than Hormones 407
References 410
Chapter 20 Apomixis in the Era of Biotechnology 418
20.1 Introduction 418
20.2 General Definitions and Apomixis Mechanisms 419
20.3 Embryological Pathways of Gametophytic Apomixis 421
20.4 Genetic and Epigenetic Control of Apomixis 424
20.5 Evolution of Apomixis and Population Genetics in Apomicts 428
20.6 Transferring Apomixis in Crops from Wild Relatives, Molecular Mapping of Apomixis Components and Map-Based Cloning of Candidate Genes 431
20.7 Advanced Biotechnological Approaches: Looking for Candidate Genes and Engineering Apomixis 436
References 441
Chapter 21 Male Sterility 450
21.1 Introduction 450
21.2 Applications of Pollen Sterility 450
21.3 Cytoplasmic Male Sterility Systems 453
21.4 Nuclear-Encoded Male Sterility Systems 458
21.5 Summary and Future Prospects 463
References 463
Chapter 22 Self-Incompatibility Systems in Flowering Plants 471
22.1 Introduction 471
22.2 Sporophytic Self-Incompatibility in Brassicaceae 473
22.3 S-RNase Based Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility 480
22.4 The Use of SI in Breeding Programs 488
22.5 Conclusions 491
References 491
Subject Index 498