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Introduction to AI Techniques for 6G Application

Manoj Singh Adhikari1*, Raju Patel2, Manoj Sindhwani1 and Shippu Sachdeva1

1School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India

2School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India

Abstract

The sixth generation (6G) wireless communication network aims to revolutionize connectivity by seamlessly integrating terrestrial, aerial, and maritime communications. With its promise of enhanced reliability, speed, and support for a massive number of devices with ultra-low latency necessities, researchers are exploring cutting-edge technologies such as quantum communication, machine learning (ML), artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, millimeter waves, terahertz communication, tactile internet, and small cell communication. It highlights various applications and use cases of the 6G networks across different aspects and discusses key performance indicators for beyond 5G and 6G networks. The next-generation wireless communication technology, 6G, promises to revolutionize connectivity, data exchange, and the deployment of intelligent applications. With plenty of Internet of Things devices, autonomous systems, and immersive technologies, there is a growing need for advanced AI techniques to harness the full potential of 6G networks.

The standardization activities for fifth-generation (5G) communication systems have concluded, and global deployment of 5G networks is already underway. To maintain a competitive edge in wireless networks and prepare for the communication requirements of the 2030s, collaboration between academia and industry has begun to envision the future generation of communication systems, commonly referred to as sixth generation (6G). The aim is to establish a foundation that addresses the evolving requirements of future communication. This chapter consists of the transformative potential of AI techniques in 6G networks, enabling advanced applications, efficient resource utilization, and intelligent decision-making. It emphasizes the need for continued research and collaboration to face the challenges and harness the benefits of AI for the future of 6G.

Keywords: 5G, 6G, AI, IoT, ML, MIMO

1.1 Introduction

The sixth generation (6G) is expected to bring about a revolutionary transformation in wireless connectivity, surpassing the capabilities of its predecessor [1–3]. It aims to provide unprecedented data rates, ultra-low latency, massive device connectivity, enhanced energy efficiency, and advanced network intelligence. These advancements will enable a wide range of transformative innovation in various sectors such as healthcare, transportation, manufacturing, entertainment, and beyond [4–7].

One of the most influencing factors behind the development of 6G is the ever-growing demand for data-intensive applications and the exponential growth of IoT devices. With the proliferation of connected devices, including sensors, wearables, and autonomous vehicles, a communication infrastructure that can support the massive scale and diverse requirements of these devices seamlessly is needed [8–10].

Beyond higher data rates and lower latency, 6G is expected to introduce new technological paradigms. This include the utilization of terahertz (THz) frequencies, advanced antenna technologies, i.e., massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output), and beamforming techniques. Moreover, 6G is likely to leverage artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to enhance network performance, improve resource allocation, and enable intelligent and context-aware communication [11–14].

The development and research of 6G are still in its early stages, with various academic institutions, industry players, and standardization bodies actively involved in shaping its future. As the demand for higher data rates, greater connectivity, and more advanced services continues to grow, the anticipation and exploration of 6G technology will pave the way for the future generation of wireless systems [15–18].

Figure 1.1 shows the 6G vision of the connected world. Future-generation communication systems are striving to obtain several key objectives, including high spectral and energy efficiency, and low latency [7–9]. This is primarily driven by the exponential growth of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. These devices are expected to enable innovative facilities such as smart traffic management, virtual reality (VR), environmental monitoring, digital sensing, telemedicine and high-definition (HD), and full HD image transmission in connected smart robots and drones. Industry predictions estimate that the number of IoT devices will achieve 20 billion by 2025. Accommodating a substantial number of devices poses significant challenges for existing multiple access techniques, including the latest 5G (fifth-generation) communication systems. The 5G system is currently being deployed worldwide. Consequently, the third-generation partnership project, the organization responsible for developing 5G standards, has identified three key use cases for 5G as ultra-reliable and low latency communication, massive machine-type communication, and enhanced mobile broadband [1, 2].

Figure 1.1 The 6G vision of the connected world.

Simultaneously, research efforts are underway to develop algorithms and technologies for the future aspects of communication systems. It will surpass the operation of existing 5G networks. In general, a 5G communication system supports up to 50,000 IoT devices per cell, and the design of future beyond 5G/6G communication systems necessitates even more robust networks to enable massive device connectivity. Extensive literature is emerging on various aspects of 6G networks, aiming to address the challenges and opportunities presented by these future systems [16–23].

6G of wireless communication systems is envisioned as the next frontier in mobile communication technology. Recently, 5G networks are being adopted globally. Researchers and industry experts have already begun exploring the potential requirements, capabilities, and applications of 6G [15].

1.2 Different Generation of Communication: From 1G to 6G

Wireless communication has evolved significantly over the years, with each generation bringing advancements in speed, capacity, and capabilities. Figure 1.2 shows the different generations of communications. An overview of the evolution of wireless communication from 1G to 6G is discussed below.

1.2.1 First Generation (1G)

1G was introduced in the 1980s. It is the first commercial analog cellular system. It used analog signals for voice communication and offered limited capacity and low-quality voice calls.

Figure 1.2 Different generations of communications.

1.2.2 Second Generation (2G)

2G, introduced in the 1990s, brought digital communication, which resulted in improved voice quality and security. The most widely used 2G technologies were CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) and GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications).

1.2.3 Third Generation (3G)

3G was deployed in the early 2000. It established high-speed data transmission, enabling services like mobile internet, video calls, and multimedia. 3G technologies included UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) and CDMA2000.

1.2.4 Fourth Generation (4G)

4G, launched around 2010, revolutionized wireless communication by providing faster data speeds, lower latency, and enhanced multimedia capabilities. It facilitated the widespread adoption of services such as video streaming, mobile gaming, and mobile apps. The prominent 4G technologies were WiMAX and LTE.

1.2.5 Fifth Generation (5G)

5G, rolled out in the late 2010s, brought substantial improvements in speed, latency, capacity, and connectivity. It introduced advanced technologies like millimeter waves, massive MIMO, and network slicing. 5G offers faster download and upload speeds, ultra-low latency, and simultaneously connect a substantial number of devices.

1.2.6 Sixth Generation (6G)

6G is the future generation of wireless communication that is currently being researched and developed. While it is still in its early stages, some potential features and goals of 6G include ultra-low latency (below 1 millisecond), faster data speeds, higher capacity, improved energy efficiency, and seamless connectivity in various environments, including underwater and in space. 6G is expected to support emerging technologies like holographic communications, advanced AI applications, and immersive extended reality experiences.

1.3 Key Features and Requirements of 6G Networks

6G networks are still in the premature stages of development; various key features and requirements are being considered to shape their design. There are some potential features and requirements of 6G networks:

1.3.1 Faster Data Speeds

6G aims to provide significantly faster data speeds compared to 5G. Speeds in the order of tens or hundreds of gigabits per second (Gbps) are anticipated to enable ultra HD video streaming, massive data transfers, and real-time applications. Figure 1.3 shows the use cases mapped with 6G challenges.

1.3.2 Ultra-Low Latency

6G networks are expected to achieve lower than 1 millisecond ultra-low latency. This...