Political Ideologies and the Democratic Ideal

Preface xiii

To the Reader xv

About the Authors xvi

Part ONE  Ideology and Democracy  1

Chapter 1 Ideology and Ideologies  3

A Working Definition of “Ideology”  5

Human Nature and Freedom  9

Human Nature  10

Freedom  10

Ideology and Revolution  13

Nationalism and Anarchism  14

Nationalism  14

Anarchism  16

Conclusion  17

Notes  17

For Further Reading  17

Chapter 2 The Democratic Ideal  19

The Origins of Democracy  20

Democracy and Republic  24

The Republic and Mixed Government  24

Christianity and Democracy  25

Renaissance and Republicanism  27

The Atlantic Republican Tradition  30

The Return of Democracy  30

Seventeenth-Century Democrats  31

The United States as Democratic Republic  32

De Tocqueville on Democracy  34

The Growth of Democracy  36

Democracy as an Ideal  37

Three Conceptions of Democracy  39

Conclusion  40

Notes  41

For Further Reading  41

Part TWO The Development of Political Ideologies  43

Chapter 3 Liberalism  45

Liberalism, Human Nature, and Freedom  46

Historical Background  47

Medieval Origins  47

The Protestant Reformation  50

Liberalism and Revolution  52

England  52

The American Revolution  57

The French Revolution  59

Liberalism and Capitalism  62

Liberalism in the Nineteenth Century  66

Utilitarianism  67

Liberalism Divided  70

Neoclassical Liberalism  71

Welfare Liberalism  72

Liberalism in the Twentieth Century  74

Historical Developments  74

Philosophical Considerations  76

Libertarian Anarchism  78

Liberalism Today  78

Conclusion  81

Liberalism as an Ideology  81

Liberalism and the Democratic Ideal  83

Notes  85

For Further Reading  84

Chapter 4 Conservatism  87

The Politics of Imperfection  88

The Conservatism of Edmund Burke  89

Human Nature and Society  90

Freedom  91

Revolution and Reform  92

Burke on Government  93

Burke’s Legacy  95

Conservatism in the Nineteenth Century  96

Conservatism and Reaction  96

Cultural Conservatism  98

Tory Democracy  98

Conservatism in the United States  99

Conservatism in the Twentieth Century  101

Conservatism Versus Mass Society  101

Levelling  103

Conservatives and Communism  104

Conservatism Today: A House Divided  105

Traditional Conservatism  106

Individualist Conservatism  106

Neoconservatism  107

The Religious Right  109

Conclusion  110

Conservatism as an Ideology  111

Conservatism and Democracy  111

Notes  112

For Further Reading  112

Chapter 5 Socialism and Communism: More to Marx  115

Human Nature and Freedom  116

Socialism: The Precursors  117

Saint-Simon  119

Fourier  120

Owen  121

The Socialism of Karl Marx  122

The Young Marx  122

The Influence of Hegel  124

Marx’s Theory of History  126

Marx’s Critique of Capitalism  129

The Dialectic of Change  133

The Revolutionary Sequence  134

Notes  138

Further Reading  137

Chapter 6 Socialism and Communism After Marx  141

Marxism After Marx  142

Engels’s Marxism  142

The Revisionists  146

Soviet Marxism-Leninism  149

Chinese Communism  158

Non-Marxist Socialism  162

Anarcho-Communism  162

Fabian Socialism  164

American Socialism  165

Socialism Today  167

Conclusion  171

Socialism as an Ideology  171

Socialism and the Democratic Ideal  172

Notes  173

For Further Reading  173

Chapter 7 Fascism  177

Fascism: The Background  178

The Counter-Enlightenment  179

Nationalism  180

Elitism  182

Irrationalism  183

Fascism in Italy  184

Mussolini and Italian Fascism  185

Fascism in Theory and Practice  187

Fascism in Germany: Nazism  189

Hitler and Nazism  189

Nazism in Theory and Practice  192

Fascism Elsewhere  196

Fascism Today  198

Conclusion  201

Fascism as an Ideology  201

Fascism and the Democratic Ideal  202

Notes  203

For Further Reading  202

Part THREE Political Ideologies Today and Tomorrow  205

Chapter 8 Liberation Ideologies and the Politics of Identity  207

Liberation Ideologies: Common Characteristics  207

Black Liberation  209

Women’s Liberation (Feminism)  213

Gay Liberation  217

Native People’s Liberation (Indigenism)  220

Liberation Theology  223

Animal Liberation  225

Conclusion  229

Liberty, Identity, and Ideology  229

Liberation, Identity and the Democratic Ideal  230

Notes  233

For Further Reading  231

Chapter 9  “Green” Politics: Ecology as Ideology  237

The Green Critique of Other Ideologies  238

Toward an Ecological Ethic  240

Unresolved Differences  244

Conclusion  249

Ecology as Ideology  249

Ecology, Freedom, and the Democratic Ideal  250

Notes  251

For Further Reading  250

 

Chapter 10     Islam and Radical Islam

                              Islam: A Short History

                                     Radical Islam

                                       Conclusion

                                       Radical Islam as an Ideology

                                       Radical Islam and the Democratic Ideal

Chapter 11 Postscript: The Future of Ideology  253

Political Ideologies: Continuing Forces  254

Nationalism and Ideology  255

Religion and Ideology  256

                          Ideology, the Environment, and Globalization  259

 

Political Ideologies and the Democratic Ideal  260

The End of Ideology?  262

Notes  265