Fundamental Toxicology (eBook)

Chapter 1: Introduction to Toxicology; 1.1: Introduction;1.2: Exposure to Potentially Toxic Substances;1.3: Adverse Effects;1.5: Tolerance and Resistance; 1.6: Toxicity Testing; 1.7: Epidemiology and Human Toxicology; 1.8: Bibliography; Chapter 2: Introduction to Toxicodynamics; 2.1: Introduction; 2.2: Dose-Toxicity Relationships;2.3: Toxicity Testing and Health Risk; 2.4: Bibliography; Chapter 3: Toxicokinetics; 3.1: Introduction; 3.2: Absorption; 3.3: Distribution; 3.4: Elimination; 3.5: Chronic Administration; 3.6: Saturation Kinetics; 3.7: Toxicokinetics and Risk Assessment; 3.8: Conclusions; 3.9: Bibliography; Chapter 4: Data Interpretation; 4.1: Introduction; 4.2: Risk Analysis and Risk Mangement; 4.3: Data Retrieval; 4.4: Types of Data; 4.5: Handling Quantitative Data Using Statistical Analysis; 4.6: Evaluation of Experimental Data; 4.7: Errors and Faults in Data Interpretation; 4.8: Conclusion;4.9: Bibliography; Chapter 5: Risk Assessment; 5.1: Introduction; 5.2: Definitions; 5.3: Process of Risk Assessment; 5.4: Hazard Identification and Characterisation; 5.5: Risk Characterisation; 5.6: Conclusions; 5.7: Bibliography; Chapter 6:Risk Management; 6.1: Introduction; 6.2: The Risk Evaluation and Management Process; 6.3: Risk Considerations; 6.4: Criteria for Risk Evaluations: Human Health; 6.5: Criteria for Risk Evaluation: Environment; 6.6: Tolerable Risk; 6.7: Criteria for Risk Evaluation: Further Comments; 6.8: Risk Management; 6.9: Conclusions; 6.10: Bibliography; Chapter 7: Exposure and Monitoring; 7.1: Introduction; 7.2: General Principles; 7.3: Criteria for a Monitoring Programme; 7.4: Biomarkers and Sensitivity Screening; 7.5: Ethical Consideration; 7.6: Bibliography; Chapter 8: Risk Management; 8.1: Introduction; 8.2: Structure of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid); 8.3: Types of Genetic Damage; 8.4: Repair of Damaged DNA; 8.5: Chromosomal; 8.6: Transmissible Human Genetic Damage; 8.7: Tests for Genetic Toxicity; 8.8: Conclusion; 8.9: Bibliography; Chapter 9: Carcinogenicity; 9.1: Introduction; 9.2: Mechanisms of Carcinogenicity; 9.3: Tests for Carcinogens; 9.4: Epidemiology; 9.5: Conclusions; 9.6: Bibliography; Chapter 10: Introduction to Toxicogenomics; 10.1: Introduction; 10.2: Microarray Technology; 10.3: Proteomics; 10.4: Metabonomics Overview; 10.5: Conclusion; 10.6: Bibliography; Chapter 11: Reproductive Toxicology; 11.1: Introduction; 11.2: Risk Assessment for Reproductive Toxicity; 11.3: Thresholds in Reproductive Toxicology; 11.4: Screening Tests in Animals for Reproductive Toxicity; 11.5: Extrapolation of Results of Animal Studies to Humans; 11.6: The European Community Classification of Chemicals for Reproductive Toxicity; 11.7: The 7th Amendment to EC Directive 67/548/EEC 1992; 11.8: Classification of Chemicals as Toxic for Reproduction; 11.9: Categorisation; 11.10: Lactation; 11.11: Testing Requirements under the Dangerous Substances Directive; 11.12: Downstream Consequences Relating to the Classification of Chemicals (CMR Substances); 11.13: Bibliography; Chapter 12: Immunology and Immunotoxicology; 12.1: Introduction; 12.2: Innate Immunity; 12.3: Adaptive Immunity; 12.4: Humoral Immunity; 12.5: Cell Mediated Immunity; 12.6: Delayed Type Hypersensitivity; 12.7: Complement; 12.8: Hypersensitivity; 12.9: Immunodeficiency; 12.10: Autoimmunity; 12.11: Transplantation; 12.12: Vaccination; 12.13: Immunotoxicity; 12.14: Bibliography; Chapter 13: Skin Toxicity; 13.1: Introduction; 13.2: Skin Anatomy; 13.3: Permeation; 13.4: Potency; 13.5: Dermal Toxicology; 13.6: Dermatitis; 13.7: Toxin Accumulation, Metabolism and Transport; 13.8: Chemical Carcinogenesis;13.9: Ultraviolet Radiation; 13.10: Enzymes; 13.11: Peroxisomes; 13.12: Conclusions; 13.13: Bibliography; Chapter 14:Respiratory Toxicology; 14.1: Introduction; 14.2: Structure and Function; 14.3: Exposure of the Lung to Toxicants; 14.4: The Frequency of Occupational Lung Damage; 14.5: Asthma and Other Toxic Effects on the Airways; 14.6: Interstitial Lung Disease; 14.7: Lung Cancer; 14.8: The Lung as a Portal of Entry and Elimination; 14.9: Clinical Evaluation; 14.10: Conclusions; 14.11: Bibliography; Chapter 15: Hepatotoxicity; 15.1: Introduction; 15.2: The Anatomy of the Liver; 15.3: Mechanisms of Cellular Injury; 15.4: Patterns of Response to Injury in the Liver; 15.5: Detection of Liver Damage; 15.6: Clinical Problems Resulting from Liver Damage; 15.7: Bibliography; Chapter 16:Nephrotoxicity; 16.1: Introduction; 16.2: Physiology; 16.3: Hormone Effects; 16.4: Handling Toxins; 16.5: Toxic Nephropathies; 16.6: Metal Toxicology; 16.7: Organic Solvents; 16.8: Mycotoxins; 16.9: Pesticides; 16.10: Antineoplastic Drugs; 16.11: Renal Carcinogens;16.12: Bibliography; Chapter 17: Neurotoxicity; 17.1: Introduction; 17.2: The Nervous System; 17.3: The Blood Brain Barrier; 17.4: Special Features of the Nervous System; 17.5: Toxicology of the Nervous System; 17.6: Mechanisms of Reproduction of Neuronal Lesions; 17.7: Bibliography; Chapter 18:Behavioural Toxicology; 18.1: Introduction; 18.2: Animal Approach to Behavioural Toxicology; 18.3: Models Based on Negative Reinforcement; 18.4: Models based on Positive Reinforcement; 18.5: Summary and conclusions for Animal Models; 18.6: The Human Approach to Behavioural Toxicology; 18.7: Field Studies: Occupational Exposure; 18.8: Field Studies: Environmental Exposure; 18.9: Conclusions; 18.10:Bibliography; Chapter 19: Pathways and Behaviour of Chemicals in the Environment; 19.1: Introduction; 19.2: Concepts for Environmental Exposure Assessment; 19.3: Human and Veterinary Medicines in the Environment; 19.4: Bibliography; Chapter 20: Ecotoxicity - Effects of Toxicants on Ecosystems; 20.1: Introduction; 20.2: Understanding How Ecosystems Work; 20.3: Effects of Human Activities on Ecosystems; 20.4: Measurement of Toxic Effects on Organisms and Ecosystems; 20.5: Conclusion; 20.6: Bibliography; Chapter 21: Radionuclides; 21.1: Introduction; 21.2: Types of Ionising Radiation; 21.3: Radionuclides; 21.4: The Unit of Radioactivity; 21.5: Interaction of Radiation with Matter; 21.6: Biological Effects of Ionising Radiation; 21.7: Units of Radiation Dose; 21.8: Effects of Radiation in Man; 21.9: Routes of Exposure; 21.10: Metabolism of Radionuclides; 21.11: Some Examples of Radionuclide Metabolism; 21.12: Bibliography; Chapter 22: Biocides and Pesticides; 22.1: Introduction; 22.2: Organochlorine Insecticides; 22.3: Organophosphates and Carbamates; 22.4: Nicotinoid Insecticides; 22.5: Pyrethroid Insecticides; 22.6: Other pesticides;22.7: Pesticide Residues in Food and Drinking Water; 22.8: Pesticide Exposure in the Occupational Setting; 22.9: Exposure assessment; 22.10: Risk Assessment and Risk Management;22.11: Susceptible and Vulnerable Groups; 22.12: Conclusion; 22.13: Bibliography; Chapter 23:Toxicology in the Clinical Laboratory; 23.1: Introduction; 23.2: Specimen Collection for Toxicological Analysis; 23.3: Choice of Laboratory Techniques; 23.4: Biochemical and Haematological investigation in the Investigation of Poisoning; 23.5: Substances of Clinical or Medico-Legal Interest; 23.6: Miscellaneous Drugs; 23.7: Bibliography; Chapter 24: Pharmaceutical Toxicology; 24.1: Introduction; 24.2: Specimen Collection and Application to Laboratory Techniques; 24.3: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics; 24.4: Selected Pharmaceuticals and Their Clinical Use; 24.5: Anaesthetic Agents; 24.6: Antibiotic Agents; 24.7: Anticonvulsants; 24.8: Antihistamines; 24.9: Antimalerials; 24.10: Barbiturates; 24.11: Benzodiazepines and Other Hypnotics; 24.12: Cardiovascular Agents (Heart and Circulation); 24.13: Cytotoxic/Anticancer Drugs; 24.14: Immunosuppressant Agents; 24.15: Insulin and Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents; 24.16: Lipid Lowering Drugs; 24.17: Lithium Salts; 24.18: Antipsychotic Drugs (Neuroleptics); 24.19: Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs; 24.20: Opioid Analgesics; 24.21: Paracetamol, Aspirin and Other Non-opioid Analgesics; 24.22: Antidepressants; 24.23Bibliography; Chapter 25: Safe Handling of Chemicals; 25.1: Introduction; 25.2: Legislation; 25.3: Toxicological Reaction; 25.4: Good Laboratory Practice; 25.5: Health and Safety; 25.6: Post Incident Procedures; 25.7: Protocols and Procedures; 25.8: Bibliography;