Development of an Environmental and Economic Assessment Tool (Enveco Tool) for Fire Events (eBook)

Foreword 6
About the Fire Protection Research Foundation 8
About the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 8
Acknowledgments 9
Project Technical Panel 9
Project Sponsor 9
Contents 10
1 Introduction and Background 12
1.1 Selection Criteria for Enveco Tool Components 13
1.1.1 Environmental Assessment 14
1.1.2 Economic Assessment 15
1.1.3 Risk Assessment 15
1.1.4 Combined Fire Impact Assessments 16
2 Scope 17
3 Approach 19
3.1 Quantitative Risk Assessment 21
3.1.1 Radiation and Ignition 21
3.1.2 Spread of Fire from Warehouse Fires 23
3.2 Cost Benefit Analysis 27
3.2.1 Economic Indicators 27
3.2.1.1 Firefighter Fatalities 27
3.2.1.2 Firefighter Injuries 27
3.2.1.3 Replace Damaged Property 28
3.2.1.4 Fire Service Response 28
3.2.1.5 Job Disruption 28
3.2.1.6 Direct Business Interruption 28
3.2.1.7 Indirect Business Interruption 29
3.2.1.8 Rent Reduction 29
3.3 Life Cycle Assessment 29
3.3.1 Goal and Scope 30
3.3.2 Inventory Analysis 31
3.3.2.1 Warehouse Structure Replacement 32
3.3.2.2 Contents Replacement 32
3.3.2.3 Fire Effluents 33
3.3.2.4 Fire Department Response 34
3.3.3 Impact Assessment 34
3.3.4 Interpretation 36
3.3.4.1 LCA Model Strengths 36
3.3.4.2 LCA Model Weaknesses 36
4 Integration and Implementation 38
4.1 Risk of Fire Spread 38
4.2 Warehouse Description 39
4.3 Contents Description 39
4.4 Fire Service Response 40
5 Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses 41
5.1 QRA 41
5.2 CBA 46
5.3 LCA 47
5.3.1 Sensitivity of LCA Model Input 47
5.3.2 Uncertainty of LCA Model Results 50
5.4 Overall Enveco Tool Sensitivity 51
6 Case Studies 53
6.1 Case Study 1 53
6.1.1 Quantitative Risk Assessment 55
6.1.1.1 Fire Spread—Deterministic Example Calculations 55
6.1.1.2 Risk Simulations 58
6.1.2 Cost Benefit Analysis 59
6.1.3 Life Cycle Assessment 62
6.2 Case Study 2 63
6.2.1 Quantitative Risk Assessment 63
6.2.2 Risk Simulations 65
6.2.3 Cost Benefit Analysis 66
6.2.4 Life Cycle Assessment 69
7 Conclusions 70
8 Future Work 72
Appendix A: Existing Risk, Environmental, and Economic Assessment Models 74
A.1 Life Cycle Assessment 74
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A.1.1 Fire-LCA 75
A.2 Risk Assessment (RA) 76
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A.2.1 Economic Assessment (EA) 78
A.2.1.1 Cost Benefit Analysis 78
A.3 Related Regulatory Frameworks 80
A.4 Important Parameters 80
A.5 Statistics 81
A.6 Recommendations 85
References 86
Appendix B: Historic Warehouse Fires as Potential Case Studies 88
B.1 Methodology 88
B.2 Warehouse Fires Literature Review 89
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B.2.1 Cold Storage Warehouse Fire (Madison, WI) 89
B.2.2 Food Processing Plant Fire (Yuma, AZ) 90
B.2.3 Furniture Manufacturing Facility Dust Explosion (Lenoir, NC) 91
B.2.4 Storage Warehouse Fire (Phoenix, AZ) 91
B.2.5 Warehouse Fire (New Orleans, LI) 92
B.2.6 Abandoned Cold Storage Warehouse Multi-firefighter Fatality Fire (Worcester, MA) 93
B.2.7 Sherwin-Williams Paint Warehouse Fire (Dayton, OH) 93
B.2.8 Sandoz Chemical Plant Fire (Basel, Switzerland) 94
B.3 Recommendation 95
References 95
Appendix C: Statistical Decision Support for Possible Future Expansion of the Enveco Tool 97
C.1 NFPA 97
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C.1.1 CStructure Fires by Occupancy (April 2013) 97
C.1.2 Fire Loss in the U.S. During 2014 (September 2015) 98
C.1.3 Trends and Patterns of U.S. Fire Losses in 2013 (March 2015) 99
C.2 USFA 103
C.3 USEIA 103
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C.3.1 Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) 103
C.3.2 Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) 104
C.3.3 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey (MECS) 104
C.4 Recommendation 104
References 105
Appendix D: Full Enveco Tool Output for Both Case Studies 106
References 113