Human Learning: Biology, Brain, and Neuroscience (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Human Learning: Biology, Brain, and Neuroscience 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Preface 10
Contributors 12
Part I: Human Learning and Cognition 16
Chapter 1 Introduction: Behavioral Approaches to the Study of Human Learning and Memory 18
1. Experimentation 19
2. Quantitative standards 19
3. Abstractness 19
References 21
Chapter 2 The Role of Inhibition in Learning 22
1. Inhibition in selective retrieval 23
2. Inhibition in memory stopping 28
3. Concluding remarks 31
References 32
Chapter 3 Short- vs. Long-Term Memory 36
1. The creation of short-term memory 36
2. Introspection 37
3. Capacity limits 38
4. Memory without STM 40
5. Summary and conclusion 43
Acknowledgments 44
References 44
Chapter 4 Hemispheric Asymmetries in Verbal Memory 48
1. Patient and neuroimaging studies 48
2. Visual half-field experiments 50
3. Manipulations of visual word form 52
4. False memory experiments 53
5. Long repetition lag experiments 54
6. Conclusion 55
References 55
Chapter 5 Emotional Facilitation and Disruption of Memory 60
1. Dimensional vs. categories approaches to emotion 60
2. Depression and memory 62
3. Depression/anxiety comorbidity 64
4. Anxiety and memory 66
5. Conclusion 68
Acknowledgments 69
References 69
Chapter 6 Scheduling and Learning 76
1. Learning is more than just practice 76
2. Spacing 78
3. Contextual variety 80
4. Tests as learning events 83
5. Summary and conclusion 84
References 84
Part II: Cognitive Neuroscience 88
Chapter 7 Introduction: Cognitive Neuroscience of Learning and Memory 90
Chapter 8 The Computational Cognitive Neuroscience of Learning and Memory: Principles and Models 92
1. The computational cognitive neuroscience of learning and memory: computational principles and models 92
2. Computational learning: three approaches 92
3. Principles of neural computation 94
4. Modeling learning and memory with attractor networks 98
5. Modeling neural learning and memory with self-organizing maps 103
6. Conclusions 108
References 108
Chapter 9 Cognitive Neuroscience of Skill Acquisition 116
1. Introduction 116
2. Cognitive neuroscience models of sensorimotor adaptation 117
3. Cognitive neuroscience models of sequence learning 120
4. Conclusions 123
References 123
Chapter 10 Cognitive Neuroscience of Declarative and Nondeclarative Memory 128
1. Declarative memory 129
2. Nondeclarative memory 131
3. Conclusion 135
References 135
Chapter 11 Learning and Memory for Emotional Events 140
1. Implicit emotional learning and memory 141
2. Declarative emotional memory 142
3. Emotion and working memory 147
4. Conclusion 148
References 148
Chapter 12 Age Differences in Memory: Demands on Cognitive Control and Association Processes 152
1. Nonassociative learning 153
2. Conditioning 154
3. Procedural memory 154
4. Priming 155
5. Semantic memory 155
6. Short-term and working memory 156
7. Episodic memory 157
8. Control processes: targets for training 159
9. Summary 160
References 160
Part III: Human Motor Learning 166
Chapter 13 Introduction: A Survey of Motor Learning Concepts and Findings 168
Chapter 14 Two Aspects of Motor Learning: Learning Movements and Learning Synergies 170
1. Motor control 170
2. Motor coordination 172
3. Two approaches to motor learning 174
4. Concluding comments: Where in the brain is motor memory? 178
Acknowledgments 179
References 179
Chapter 15 Neuroanatomical Correlates of Motor Skill Learning: Inferences from Neuroimaging to Behavior 182
1. Cognitive-stage skill learning 182
2. Associative-stage skill learning 184
3. Autonomous-stage learning 188
References 190
Chapter 16 Mechanisms Underlying Short-Term Motor Learning, Long-Term Motor Learning and Transfer 192
1. Performance enhancement within an experimental session 193
2. Performance changes across experimental sessions 195
3. Transfer 196
4. Summary 200
Acknowledgments 200
References 201
Chapter 17 A Dynamical Framework for Human Skill Learning 204
1. Introduction 204
2. A dynamical theory of learning 205
3. Behavioral studies 207
4. Does destabilization of brain activity patterns accompany changes in learning? 209
5. Conclusion 212
Acknowledgments 213
References 213
Part IV: Animal Model Systems 220
Chapter 18 Animal Models of Behavioral and Neural Plasticity 222
References 225
Chapter 19 A Biological Basis for Animal Model Studies of Learning and Memory 226
1. Introduction 226
2. Learning and Memory Classification 226
3. A Brief History of Animal Models 231
4. Homology and the Comparative Approach 232
5. Conclusion 236
Acknowledgments 236
References 236
Chapter 20 Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System in Which to Study the Fundamentals of Learning and Memory 242
1. Introduction 242
2. Types of Learning 244
3. Neural and molecular mechanisms of mechanosensory habituation 246
4. Common elements of memory 250
5. Conclusion 253
References 254
Chapter 21 The Cell Biology of Learning and Memory in Aplysia 258
1. Introduction 258
2. Short-Term Sensitization and Dishabituation in Aplysia: Presynaptic Mechanisms 262
3. Intermediate-Term Sensitization Memory: Involvement of Pre- and Postsynaptic Mechanisms 263
4. Long-term sensitization memory: requirement for transynaptic signaling 275
5. Conclusion 279
References 279
Chapter 22 Insect Minds For Human Minds 286
1. Introduction 286
2. Comparative architecture of brains: basic features of brains 287
3. Comparative cognition: what a little brain can do? 294
4. Conclusion 298
References 299
Chapter 23 Patterns of Learning, Memory, and Vocal Production in the Songbird Brain 302
1. Introduction 302
2. The vocal learning process 303
3. Central and peripheral motor control and constraints 306
4. A specialized area for processing and remembering conspecific vocal sounds 309
5. Conclusions 311
Acknowledgments 312
References 312
Chapter 24 The cAMP/PKA Pathway and the Modeling of Human Memory Disorders in Mice 316
1. Introduction: Memory and the cyclic AMP (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway 316
2. Alzheimer’s disease 319
3. Mental retardation 322
4. Schizophrenia 324
5. Treatment/future directions 325
Acknowledgments 326
References 327
Index 332