Progress in Spatial Data Handling (eBook)

Andreas Riedl holds a graduate degree and a PhD in geography and cartography from the University of Vienna. He has been active in the field of cartography and GIS in Austria, Canada, Germany and the Netherlands. His research interests are in multimedia and geocommunication, applied GIS, animation, virtual reality and hyperglobes. Currently he is an assistant professor at the University of Vienna. Wolfgang Kainz holds a graduate degree and a PhD in technical mathematics from the Graz University of Technology, Austria. Since 1981 he has been active in the field of GIS and spatial data handling in various functions at universities and research institutions in Austria, Brazil, Kuwait, Qatar, the USA, and the Netherlands. His research interest is in spatial databases, fuzzy logic and geodata policies. He is Professor of Cartography and Geoinformation at the University of Vienna. Gregory Elmes holds a graduate degree in Geographic Information Systems from Edinburgh University and a PhD in Geography from the Pennsylvania State University. He is Professor of Geography at West Virginia University and has been active in GIS at universities in Sweden and Italy. His current research interests include the incorporation of spatio-temporal information in health and forensic science, and the implications of geographic information technologies in society at local and global scales.

The Devil is still in the Data: Persistent Spatial Data Handling Challenges in Grassroots GIS 19
1 Introduction1 19
2 The Humboldt Park GIS Project 21
3 Geospatial Data in Grassroots GIS 22
4 Intersecting with GIScience Research on Spatial Data Handling 28
5 Conclusions 31
References 33
Physical vs. Web Space – Similarities and Differences 35
Abstract 35
1 Introduction 35
2 Concepts of Space 36
3 Physical and Web Space 37
4 Geometric Aspects of Interest 38
5 Application of Geometry to Physical and Web Space 40
6 Conclusions and Future Research 43
References 43
Utilization of Qualitative Spatial Reasoning in Geographic Information Systems 45
Abstract 45
1 Introduction 46
2 Qualitative Proximity Formalism 48
3 GIS Interface and Usability 50
4 TreeSap – Qualitative Reasoning GIS 51
5 Qualitative Querying 52
6 Qualitative Visualization 54
7 Relative Features 57
8 Future Works 58
9 Conclusions 59
References 60
QACHE: Query Caching in Location- Based Services 115
Abstract 115
1 Introduction 116
2 Related Work 119
3 Overview of QACHE 120
4 Design and Implementation of QACHE 124
5 Performance Evaluation 128
6 Conclusions 131
References 132
Modeling Geometric Rules in Object Based Models: An XML / GML Approach 148
Abstract 148
1 Introduction 149
2 Rule Representation in Spatial Data 149
3 Road Markings and Rules: The Application Domain 153
4 Object Based Approaches to Modeling Traffic Features 154
5 Summary 162
References 162
Exploring Geographical Data with Spatio-Visual Data Mining 164
Abstract 164
1 Introduction 164
2 Exploration Data 166
3 The Spatio- Visual Exploration Method 167
4 Results of Data Exploration 173
5 Conclusions and Future Work 177
Acknowledgements 179
Contributors 179
References 179
Continuous Wavelet Transformations for Hyperspectral Feature Detection 182
Abstract 182
1 Introduction 182
2 Materials and Methods 186
3 Results 188
4 Discussion 190
Acknowledgements 192
References 192
Measuring Linear Complexity with Wavelets 194
Abstract 194
1 Introduction 194
2 Terminology 195
3 Wavelet History 195
4 Wavelets in One Dimension 197
5 Wavelets with Spatial Data 201
6 Wavelets and Linear Complexity 205
7 Technical Implementation 210
8 Conclusions 211
Acknowledgements 211
References 211
Expert Knowledge and Embedded Knowledge: Or Why Long Rambling Class Descriptions are Useful 212
Abstract 212
1 Introduction 213
2 Data Used 215
3 Proposed Method 216
4 Results 221
5 Discussion and Conclusion 226
Acknowledgements 227
References 227
Preference Based Retrieval of Information Elements 229
Abstract 229
1 Introduction 230
2 Decision Making Processes 231
3 Framework for a User Model 234
4 Direct Manipulation Interface – A Dynamic Approach 235
5 Modeling the Dynamic Interaction Process 235
6 Conclusions and Future Work 240
Acknowledgement 241
Reference 241
Spatiotemporal Event Detection and Analysis over Multiple Granularities 243
Abstract 243
1 Introduction 244
2 The Spatiotemporal Helix 246
3 Scale Space Analysis 247
4 An Example: Spatiotemporal Hurricane Data Clustering 254
5 Conclusions 257
Acknowledgements 258
References 258
Reduced Data Model for Storing and Retrieving Geographic Data 260
Abstract 260
1 Introduction 260
2 Issues with the Current Technology 262
3 Concepts to Retain 266
4 Description of the Solution 267
5 Example: How to Use RelDB 268
6 Conclusions 272
Acknowledgements 273
References 273
Filling the Gaps in Keyword-Based Query Expansion for Geodata Retrieval 276
Abstract 276
1 Introduction 276
2 Creating the Reference Matrix 278
3 Matrices and Graphs 280
4 Matrix Structures 281
5 Algorithms to Fill the Gaps 284
6 Simulation and Results 286
7 Discussions and Outlook 289
Acknowledgements 290
References 291
Using Metadata to Link Uncertainty and Data Quality Assessments 292
1 Introduction 292
2 Uncertainty, Data Quality and Metadata 293
3 Geographic Information – Origins and Use 297
4 Linking Uncertainty, Data Quality and GI 299
5 Recommendations and Conclusions 302
Acknowledgements 303
References 304
An Evaluation Method for Determining Map-Quality 306
Abstract 306
1 Introduction 306
2 A cartographic Communication in Detail 307
3 Aspects of Map-Quality 310
4 Determining Simple Model Parameters 312
5 Evaluation Tool 313
6 Conclusions 315
Acknowledgement 316
References 316
Implementation of a Prototype Toolbox for Communicating Spatial Data Quality and Uncertainty Using a Wildfire Risk Example 334
Abstract 334
1 Introduction 334
2 Key Concepts of a Data Quality Communication Toolbox 335
3 Four Levels of Communicating Data Quality Information 337
4 The Map Thesaurus 338
5 Visualization of a Wildfire Risk Example 341
6 Conclusions 349
References 349
Changes in Topological Relations when Splitting and Merging Regions 351
Abstract 351
1 Introduction 351
2 Binary Topological Relations between Regions 353
3 Splitting a Region into Two Regions 354
4 Potential Splitting Configurations 355
5 Feasible Splitting Configurations 356
6 Achievable Splitting Configurations 361
7 Conclusions 363
Acknowledgments 364
References 364
Integrating 2D Topographic Vector Data with a Digital Terrain Model – a Consistent and Semantically Correct Approach 365
Abstract 365
1 Introduction 365
2 An Algorithm for Consistent and Semantically Correct Integration 367
3 Results 373
4 Conclusions and Outlook 375
Acknowledgement 376
References 376
A Hierarchical Approach to the Line- Line Topological Relations 377
Abstract 377
1 Introduction 377
2 A Line of Thought for Topological Relations between Two Lines 380
3 Hierarchical Descriptions for Basic (Elementary) Relations between Lines 382
4 Compound Line-line Relation Model 386
5 An Example of Application 390
6 Conclusions 392
Acknowledgements 393
References 393
Coastline Matching Process Based on the Discrete Fréchet Distance 395
Abstract 395
1 Introduction 395
2 Discrete Fréchet Distance 397
3 Average Fréchet Distance 400
4 Global Process 403
5 Example of Coastline Matching Process 405
6 Discussions 410
7 Conclusions 411
References 411
Characterizing Land Cover Structure with Semantic Variograms 413
Abstract 413
1 Introduction 414
2 Variograms and Semantic Distances 415
3 Experimental Data and Methods 419
4 Results 422
5 Discussion / Conclusions 425
Acknowledgements 426
References 426
Semantic Similarity Measures within theSemantic Framework of the Universal Ontology of Geographical Space 428
Abstract 428
1 Introduction 429
2 Universal Ontology of Geographical Space (UOGS) and Semantic Measures 429
3 Estimation of Semantic Similarity among the Concepts in Spatial Databases 433
4 Implementing UOGS and its Searching Capabilities 438
5 Conclusions 442
Acknowledgements 444
References 444
A Quantitative Similarity Measure for Maps 446
Abstract 446
1 Introduction 446
2 Related Work 448
3 Our Approach 449
4 Experimental Results 458
5 Conclusions 460
References 460
A Semantic- based Approach to the Representation of Network-Constrained Trajectory Data 462
Abstract 462
1 Introduction 463
2 Network-Based modeling 464
3 Semantic-Based Approach 465
4 Prototyping 469
5 Conclusions 473
References 474
Towards an Ontologically- driven GIS to Characterize Spatial Data Uncertainty 476
Abstract 476
1 Introduction 477
2 Metadata, Fitness, and Propagation 478
3 Ontology-driven GIS 480
4 Tying Uncertainty Models to ODGIS 482
5 Implementation and Evaluation 483
6 Conclusions 484
References 485
Structuring Kinetic Maps 488
Abstract 488
1 Introduction 488
2 The Dynamic Point VD and its Dual DT 491
3 The Moving- Point VD or DT 492
4 The Kinetic Constrained DT 493
5 The Kinetic Line- Segment VD 496
6 Circumcircle 498
7 Robustness 500
8 Applications 500
9 Conclusions 501
Acknowledgements 503
References 503
A Tangible Augmented Reality Interface to Tiled Street Maps and its Usability Testing 521
Abstract 521
1 Introduction 522
2 Tangible Augmented Reality Street Map (TASM) 524
3 Usability Testing 528
4 Results 530
5 Discussion 533
6 Conclusions 535
Acknowledgements 536
References 536
Automated Construction of Urban Terrain Models 557
Abstract 557
1 Introduction 558
2 Smart Terrain Models 561
3 Case Study 569
4 Conclusions and Future Work 570
Acknowledgements 571
References 571
A Tetrahedronized Irregular Network Based DBMS Approach for 3D Topographic Data Modeling 590
Abstract 590
1 Introduction 590
2 3D Topographic Data Modeling in a TEN Data Structure 592
3 Incorporating the TEN Structure in a Spatial DBMS 597
4 Implementation: First Experiences 602
5 Conclusions and Further Research 603
Acknowledgements 604
References 604
3D Analysis with High- Level Primitives: A Crystallographic Approach 608
Abstract 608
1 Introduction 608
2 A Plea for the Third Dimension in GIS 610
3 Striving for 3D Models Suited to Geographical Information Analysis 613
4 Object Description with Crystallography 615
5 Outlook of the 3D GIS with Crystallographic Primitives 621
6 Conclusions 623
References 624
The Hierarchical Watershed Partitioning and Data Simplification of River Network 626
Abstract 626
1 Introduction 627
2 Watershed Partitioning 628
3 Parameter Computation 634
4 River Network Generalization 636
5 Conclusions 638
Acknowledgements 639
References 640
Grid Typification 642
Abstract 642
1 Introduction 642
2 Grid Detection 645
3 Grid Adjustment 647
4 Grid Reduction 649
5 Conclusions and Outlook 650
References 651
Conflict Identification and Representation for Roads Based on a Skeleton 668
Abstract 668
1 Introduction 668
2 Why Use the Skeleton to Represent Inter Feature Distances? 669
3 Creating Partial Skeletons 672
4 Creating Conflict Lines 676
5 Classifying the Skeleton Graph 678
6 Utilizing the Conflict Line Features 683
7 Conclusions 687
References 688
The Stroke Concept in Geographic Network Generalization and Analysis 690
Abstract 690
1 Introduction 690
2 Perceptual Grouping 692
3 Stroke-based Generalization 694
4 Strokes and Space Syntax 700
5 Conclusions 703
Acknowledgments 704
References 704
An Integrated Cloud Model for Measurement Errors and Fuzziness 707
Abstract 707
1 Introduction 708
2 Fundamentals of Cloud Model Theory 710
3 An Integrated Model for Measurement Errors and Fuzziness 713
4 Uncertainty Reasoning Based Upon the Cloud Model 717
5 Conclusions 723
Acknowledgements 724
References 724
The Influence of Uncertainty Visualization on Decision Making: An Empirical Evaluation 727
Abstract 727
1 Introduction 727
2 Background 728
3 Methods 731
4 Pilot Study Analysis and Results 735
5 Summary of Results 743
6 Discussion 744
7 Conclusions 745
References 745
Modeling Uncertainty in Knowledge Discovery for Classifying Geographic Entities with Fuzzy Boundaries 747
Abstract 747
1 Introduction 747
2 Uncertainty in Classifying Geographic Entities with Fuzzy Boundaries 748
3 Modeling Uncertainty Through Boosting 751
4 Case Study 754
5 Conclusions and Future Work 760
Reference 761
Capturing and Representing Conceptualization Uncertainty Interactively using Object- Fields 763
Abstract 763
1 Introduction 763
2 Conceptualizing Uncertainty 764
3 Object-Field Representation and Metadata 768
4 Case Study: Demonstrating the Application Using Land Cover Data 771
5 Discussion and Conclusions 776
References 777
Use of Plan Curvature Variations for the Identification of Ridges and Channels on DEM 797
Abstract 797
1 Introduction 798
2 Methodology 801
3 Results 805
4 Conclusions 811
Acknowledgements 811
References 811
An Evaluation of Spatial Interpolation Accuracy of Elevation Data 813
Abstract 813
1 Introduction 814
2 The Spatial Interpolation Algorithms 814
3 Data and Methods 818
4 Results 820
5 Discussion and Conclusions 826
References 830
Development Density-Based Optimization Modeling of Sustainable Land Use Patterns 887
Abstract 887
1 Introduction: Sustainable Land Use Patterns 887
2 Optimization Techniques for Land Use Allocation 889
3 A Multiobjective Model for Sustainable Land Allocation 891
4 Model Evaluation 895
5 Future Work 899
6 Conclusions 900
References 900
Building an Integrated Cadastral Fabric for Higher Resolution Socioeconomic Spatial Data Analysis 903
1 Introduction 903
2 Looking for High Resolution Data in the Literature 905
3 Generating Socioeconomic Surfaces: Review of Previous Methodologies 908
4 The Rise of the Household: Why We Should Use Cadastral Data for Socioeconomic Analysis 910
5 Methodology, Protocol by Protocol 911
6 Conclusion: Moving Beyond the Census 921
References 923
Analysis of Cross Country Trafficability 927
Abstract 927
1 Cross Country Trafficability 928
2 Previous Studies and Theoretical Framework 929
3 Methods and Techniques 934
4 Results 939
5 Discussion 943
Acknowledgements 945
References 945