Nonverbal Behavior in Interpersonal Relations

Table of Contents



Preface



Communication and Nonverbal Behavior

Myths about Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal versus Verbal Messages
The Linguistic Distinction
The Continuity Distinction
The Processing Distinction
The Outcome Distinction
The Absolute Distinction
Intentionality and Nonverbal Communication
Culture and Nonverbal Communication
Functions of Nonverbal Messages
Complementing
Contradicting
Accenting
Repeating
Regulating
Substituting
Categories of Nonverbal Messages
Physical Appearance
Gesture and Movement
Face and Eye Behavior
Vocal Behavior
Space
Touch
Environment
Time
Glossary of Terminology


Physical Appearance

Attractiveness
Types of Attractiveness
What Is Attractive Today May Be Out Tomorrow
Image Fixation
Judgments Generated
Attractiveness: A Double-Edged Sword?
Effects of Attractiveness
Personal Body Concept
Nonverbal Messages of Body Shape and Size
Nonverbal Messages of Height, Weight, and Skin Color
Nonverbal Messages of Hair
Appearance and Dress
Why Do People Dress the Way They Do?
Generalizations about Dress
Artifacts and Accessories
Glossary of Terminology


Gesture and Movement

A Theoretical Look at Gesture and Movement
Structural Approach to Kinesics
External Variable Approach to Kinesics
Types of Gesture and Movement
Emblems
Illustrators
Regulators
Affect Displays
Adaptors
Deception cues
Posture
How Does Posture Communicate?
Communicative Potential of Posture
Movement and COMMUNICATOR STYLE
The Dramatic Style
The Dominant Style
The Animated Style
The Relaxed Style
The Attentive Style
The Open Style
The Friendly Style
The Contentious Style
The Impression-Leaving Style
General Communicator Styles
Effects of Body Movements and Gestures
Communicator Style
Simplifying Encoding and Decoding
Role of Illustrators in Decoding
Positive and Negative Perceptions
Research on Immediacy
Glossary of Terminology


Facial Behavior

Importance of Facial Expressions
Perspectives on Acquisition and Development
Perspective 1: Evolution and Natural Selection
Perspective 2: External Factors
Perspective 3: Innate and Learned
Facial Management and Expression of Emotion
Styles of Facial Expressions
Primary Affect Displays and Communication
Variations of Facial Expressions
Glossary of Terminology


Eye Behavior

Properties and Functions of Eye Behavior
Properties of Eye Behavior
Functions of Eye Behavior
Types of Eye Behaviors
CLEMs
Eye Behavior and Individual Differences
Nature of Relationships
Cultural Differences
Contextual Differences
Personality Differences
Gender Differences
Glossary of Terminology


Vocal Behavior

Categories of Vocal Behavior
Voice Set
Voice Qualities and Vocalizations
Voice Printing
Silence and Pauses
Uses of Silence in Communication
Vocal Behavior and Turn-Interaction Management
Turn-Maintaining
Turn-Yielding
Turn-Requesting
Turn-Denying
Interruptions
Accent and Dialect
Effects of Vocal Behavior
Vocal Behavior and Emotions
Vocal Behavior and Personality
Vocal Behavior and Learning
Vocal Behavior and Persuasion
Vocal Behavior and Attractiveness
Vocal Behavior and Confidence
Vocal Characteristics of Good Delivery
Glossary of Terminology


Space and Territoriality

Phenomenon of Territoriality
Categories of Territory
Territorial Defense and Encroachment
Types of Negative Encroachment
Encroachment Reactions
Factors Influencing Territorial Defense
Personal Space
Interpersonal Distance
Gender Differences
Cultural Differences
Age Differences
Personality Differences
Stigmas
Psychiatric and Deviant Groups
Crowding and Density
The Impact of High Density
Glossary of Terminology


Touch and Communication

Life-Span Development and Touch
Touch in Animals
Human Development
Categories of Touch
Professional-Functional Touch
Social-Polite Touch
Friendship-Warmth Touch
Love-Intimacy Touch
Sexual-Arousal Touch
Touch Norms and Communication
Cultural Differences
Gender Differences
Touch Apprehension
What Does Touch Communicate?
Touch and Emotion
Touch and Status
Touch and Self-Intimacy
Effects of Touch Deprivation
Glossary of Terminology


Environment and Physical Surroundings

Perceptual Characteristics of Environment
Perception of Formality
Perception of Warmth
Perception of Privacy
Perception of Familiarity
Perception of Constraint
Perception of Distance
Architecture and Environment
Spatial Arrangement
The Shapes of Tables
Seating Arrangement
Arrangement of Office Space
Other Environmental Factors
Environmental Attractiveness
Color in the Environment
Lighting in the Environment
Temperature and the Environment
Scent and Smell
Importance of Scents
Glossary of Terminology


Time

Time Orientations
Psychological Time Orientation
Biological Time Orientation
Cultural Time Orientation
Punctuality
Monochronic and Polychronic Time
Effects of the Use of Time
Glossary of Terminology


Immediacy and Communication

Immediacy
Verbal Immediacy
Nonverbal Behaviors
Nonverbal Immediacy
Physical Appearance
Gesture and Body Movements
Facial Expression and Eye Behavior
Vocal Behavior
Spatial Behavior
Tactile Behavior
Environmental Factors
Scent and Smell
Temporal Factors
Outcomes of Immediacy
Increased Liking, Affiliation, and Affect
More Approachable Communication Style
More Responsiveness, Understanding, and Assertiveness
Increased Solidarity between Participants
Decreased Anxiety
Decreased Status Differences
Increased Perceptions of Communication Competence
Drawbacks of Immediacy
Glossary of Terminology


Female-Male Nonverbal Communication

Definition Issues: Sex and Gender
Development of Nonverbal Behavior in Females and Males
Distinctive and Similar Characteristics: The Dilemma
Appearance and Attractiveness
Gesture and Movement
Face and Eye Behavior
Vocal Behavior
Space
Touch
Liking and Courtship of the American Female and Male
Avoiding Problems
Nonverbal Sensitivity
Advantages of Immediacy
Disadvantages of Immediacy
The Androgynous Person
Glossary of Terminology


Supervisor and Employee Relationships

Distinctive Characteristics
Role of Nonverbal Messages
Physical Appearance
Gesture and Movement
Face and Eye Behavior
Vocal Behavior
Space
Touch
Environment
Time
Conclusions about Supervisor-Employee Relationships
Immediacy in the Workplace
Advantages of Immediacy
Disadvantages of Immediacy



Glossary