The USA and Canada 2021

Europa Publications’ regional publications are compiled by a team of editors and researchers, with introductory and country-specific material provided by specialists in their field: Chris W. Bonneau. Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Pittsburgh, USA, and Co- Editor, State Politics and Policy Quarterly. Duane Bratt. Professor of Political Science and Chair, Department of Economics, Justice, and Policy Studies at Mount Royal University, Calgary, Canada. P. W. Daniels. Emeritus Professor, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Birmingham, United Kingdom. David Hastings Dunn. Professor in International Politics and Director of Internationalisation, Department of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Birmingham, United Kingdom. James W. Dunn. Emeritus Professor of Agricultural Economics at the Pennsylvania State University, USA. Steve Hewitt. Senior Lecturer in American and Canadian Studies, Department of History and American and Canadian Studies Research Centre at the University of Birmingham, United Kingdom. Alexandra Homolar. Associate Professor of International Security at the University of Warwick, United Kingdom. Dennis S. Ippolito. Eugene McElvaney Professor of Political Science and Chairman of the Department of Political Science at the Southern Methodist University, USA. Taylor Jackson. Independent Researcher and former Senior Policy Analyst, Centre for Natural Resource Studies at the Fraser Institute, Canada. John Kramer. Emeritus Professor of Sociology and Criminology at the Pennsylvania State University, USA. Robert E. Looney. International consultant specializing in energy security and economic development, and Distinguished Professor, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA. Mark J. L. McClelland. Chief of Staff to John Glen MP, political risk consultant, former Head of Research and Political Risk, Dods Group PLC, United Kingdom. Trevor McCrisken. Associate Professor in US Politics and International Studies at the University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom, and Member of the Board of Trustees and former Chair of British American Security Information Council (BASIC). David McKay. Emeritus Professor of Government at the University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom. Sandy Markwick. Network Director, Winmark Ltd, writer and researcher specializing in North American and Latin American affairs. Alexander Moens. Professor of Political Science and Senior Fellow at the Fraser Institute Centre for Canadian-American Relations at Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada. Gillian Peele. Emeritus Professor in Politics at Lady Margaret Hall, University of Oxford, United Kingdom. Joël Plouffe. Fellow, Canadian Global Affairs Institute, Calgary, Canada. Heather Marie Rice. Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science, Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania, USA. C. Michael Wernerheim. Professor of Economics, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John’s, Canada.

PART ONE General Survey

ESSAYS

The USA and Canada: Political and Economic Challenges to Deeper Co-operation

ALEXANDER MOENS and TAYLOR JACKSON

The ‘Nations Within’: Indigenous Peoples in the USA and Canada

GEOFFREY MERCER

US Foreign Policy in the Arctic Region: Times of Change or Continuity?

JOËL PLOUFFE

Appendix: The Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic

DIRECTORY

Diplomatic Representation of Canada and the USA Abroad

Select Bibliography of the USA and Canada (Politics and Government)

Select Bibliography of the USA and Canada (US–Canadian Relations)

Select Bibliography of the USA and Canada (Social Affairs)

Select Bibliography of the USA and Canada (Economic Affairs)

PART TWO The USA

INTRODUCTION

A Chronology since Colonization

Presidents

Area and Population

ESSAYS

ESSAYS ON PUBLIC AFFAIRS

The System of Government and Politics in the USA

GILLIAN PEELE

US Foreign Policy: The Trump Administration and ‘Peace Through Strength’

TREVOR McCRISKEN

Energy Dominance?’ at the End of the Trump Administration

DAVID HASTINGS DUNN (with previous contributions by MARK J. L. McCLELLAND)

US Defence Policy: An Historical Perspective

ALEXANDRA HOMOLAR

The Judicial System of the USA

CHRIS W. BONNEAU and HEATHER MARIE RICE (based on an earlier essay by JOHN KRAMER)

The Role of Religion in Contemporary US Politics

GILLIAN PEELE

Diversity and Equality in the USA

GILLIAN PEELE

Select Bibliography (Domestic Politics and Government)

Select Bibliography (The International Role of the USA)

Select Bibliography (Social Affairs)

ESSAYS ON ECONOMIC AFFAIRS

Economic Overview

DAVID MCKAY (revised for this edition by ROBERT E. LOONEY)

Deficit Politics in the USA

DENNIS S. IPPOLITO

Agriculture: History, Policy and Emerging Issues

JAMES W. DUNN

Service-Providing Industries: Bedrock of the US Economy

P. W. DANIELS

US Manufacturing

ROBERT E. LOONEY

The USA and International Trade

ROBERT E. LOONEY

Select Bibliography (Economic Affairs)

DIRECTORY

PUBLIC AFFAIRS

Government

Political Organizations

Diplomatic Representation in the USA

Judicial Systems of the USA

THE ECONOMY

National Economic Indicators

Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing

Mining

Industry

Energy

Water

Transport

Telecommunications

Finance

Tourism

External Trade

SOCIETY

Broadcasting

The Press

Publishing

Health and Welfare

Education

Religion

THE STATES

The States of the Union and the District of Columbia

PART THREE Canada

INTRODUCTION

A Chronology since Colonization

Prime Ministers

Area and Population

ESSAYS

ESSAYS ON PUBLIC AFFAIRS

Contemporary Canadian Politics

STEVE HEWITT

Justin Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Policy

DUANE BRATT

Canada: The Courts and the Charter

Select Bibliography (Domestic Politics and Government)

Select Bibliography (The International Role of Canada)

Select Bibliography (Social Affairs)

ESSAYS ON CANADIAN ECONOMIC AFFAIRS

Overview of the Canadian Economy

SANDY MARKWICK

Canadian Federal Energy Policy in Transition: A Period of Uncertainty

ROBERT E. LOONEY

Canadian Manufacturing and Construction

SANDY MARKWICK

Services Industries in Canada

C. MICHAEL WERNERHEIM

Select Bibliography (Economic Affairs)

DIRECTORY

PUBLIC AFFAIRS
Government

Political Organizations

Diplomatic Representation in Canada

Judicial Systems of Canada

THE ECONOMY

National Economic Indicators

Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Trapping

Mining

Industry

Energy

Water

Transport

Telecommunications

Finance

Tourism

External Trade

SOCIETY

Broadcasting

The Press

Publishing

Health and Welfare

Education

Religion

THE PROVINCES AND TERRITORIES

The Provinces and Territories of the Dominion

Index of Statistical Tables