Textbook of Diabetes

Richard I.G. Holt, Professor in Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Southampton, UK and Honorary Consultant Physician, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust. Professor Holt is also Chair of the EASD Committee for Clinical Affairs.

Allan Flyvbjerg, Former CEO at Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen and Clinical Professor at University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Further, professor Flyvbjerg was President of the Danish Diabetes Association from 2000-2011 and is presently member of the Board of Directors of EASD, Chairman of the EASD Postgraduate Education Committee and Chairman of the Board of Directors of The Danish Diabetes and Endocrine Academy (DDEA).

Table of contents

List of Contributors, viii

Preface, xv

List of Abbreviations, xvi

Part 1 Diabetes in its Historical and Social Context

1 The History of Diabetes Mellitus, 3
Robert B. Tattersall and David R. Matthews

2 Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes, 22
Ambady Ramachandran, Chamukuttan Snehalatha, Arun Raghavan, and Arun Nanditha

3 The Global Burden of Diabetes, 28
Jessica L. Harding, Mary Beth Weber, and Jonathan E. Shaw

4 Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes, 41
Lars C. Stene and Jaakko Tuomilehto

5 Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes, 55
Ronald C.W. Ma and Peter C.Y. Tong

Part 2 Normal Physiology

6 Overview of Glucose Metabolism, 77
Richard I.G. Holt

7 Islet Function and Insulin Secretion, 84
Peter M. Jones and Shanta J. Persaud

8 Glucagon in Islet and Metabolic Regulation, 99
Jonathan E. Campbell and David A. D'Alessio

9 Mechanism of Insulin Action, 111
Morris F. White

10 Central Control of Glucose Homeostasis, 128
Kimberly M. Alonge, Kendra L. Francis, Nicole E. Richardson, and Michael W. Schwartz

11 Control of Body Weight: How and Why Do We Gain Weight Easier Than We Lose It?, 142
Janine Makaronidis and Rachel L. Batterham

Part 3 Pathogenesis of Diabetes

12 The Genetics of Diabetes, 157
Rashmi B. Prasad

13 Genetics of Obesity, 197
I. Sadaf Farooqi

14 Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes, 203
Omar Akel and Ake Lernmark

15 Other Disorders with Type 1 Diabetes and Atypical Phenotypes, 216
Alice P.S. Kong, Elaine Y.K. Chow, Andrea O.Y. Luk, and Juliana C.N. Chan

16 Abnormalities of Insulin Secretion and β-Cell Defects in Type 2 Diabetes, 225
Stefano Del Prato, Cristina Bianchi, and Giuseppe Daniele

17 Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes, 238
Michael Roden, Kitt Falk Petersen, and Gerald I. Shulman

18 Obesity and Diabetes, 250
Nick Finer

19 The Microbiome and Diabetes, 261
Amanda J. Cox, Nicholas P. West, and Allan W. Cripps

Part 4 Other Types of Diabetes

20 Monogenic Causes of Diabetes, 275
Brittany L. Resnick, Maggie H. Shepherd, and Andrew T. Hattersley

21 Drug-Induced Diabetes, 295
Charles D. Ponte and Devra K. Dang

22 Diabetes in Hypersecreting Endocrine Disorders, 304
Allan A. Vaag, Neil A. Hanley, and Caroline M. Kistorp

23 Pancreatic Disease and Diabetes, 319
Ranjit Unnikrishnan and Viswanathan Mohan

24 Clinical Presentations of Diabetes, 330
Ee Lin Lim and Roy Taylor

Part 5 Managing the Person with Diabetes

25 The Aims of Diabetes Care, 343
Katharine D. Barnard-Kelly and Richard I.G. Holt

26 Education to Empower the Person with Diabetes, 354
Ingrid Willaing and Michael Vallis

27 Dietary Management of Diabetes, 368
Nicola Guess

28 Physical Activities and Diabetes, 382
Emma J. Cockcroft and Robert C. Andrews

29 Monitoring Diabetes, 404
Emma English

30 Biomarkers and Precision Medicine in Diabetes, 414
Sok Cin Tye, Michele Provenzano, and Hiddo J.L. Heerspink

Part 6 Treatment of Diabetes

31 Insulin and Insulin Treatment, 431
Roman Vangoitsenhoven, Parth Narendran, and Chantal Mathieu

32 New Technologies for Glucose Monitoring, 444
Thomas Danne and Olga Kordonouri

33 New Technologies for Insulin Administration, 459
Hannah Forde and Pratik Choudhary

34 Whole Pancreas and Islet Cell Transplantation, 473
Braulio A. Marfil-Garza, Peter A. Senior, and A.M. James Shapiro

35 Oral Glucose-Lowering Agents, 492
Clifford J. Bailey and Andrew J. Krentz

36 Non-insulin Parenteral Therapies, 520
Tina Vilsboll, Mikkel Christensen, Andreas Andersen, and Filip K. Knop

37 How to Use Type 2 Diabetes Treatments in Clinical Practice, 534
Thomas Karagiannis, Aris Liakos, and Apostolos Tsapas

38 Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, 551
Alexis Sudlow, Dimitri J. Pournaras, and Carel W. le Roux

39 In-Hospital Treatment and Surgery in People with Diabetes, 559
Ketan Dhatariya, Philip Newland-Jones, and Mayank Patel

40 Hypoglycaemia in Diabetes, 579
Ahmed Iqbal, Elaine Y.K. Chow, Timothy W. Jones, and Simon R. Heller

41 Acute Metabolic Complications of Diabetes: Diabetic Ketoacidosis and the Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State in Adults, 602
Philip Newland-Jones, Mayank Patel, and Ketan Dhatariya

Part 7 Microvascular Complications in Diabetes

42 Pathogenesis of Microvascular Complications, 615
Allan Flyvbjerg

43 Diabetic Retinopathy, 629
Toke Bek

44 Diabetic Nephropathy, 640
Peter Rossing and Allan Flyvbjerg

45 Diabetic Neuropathy, 655
Shazli Azmi, Uazman Alam, and Rayaz A. Malik

Part 8 Macrovascular Complications in Diabetes

46 Pathogenesis of Macrovascular Complications in Diabetes, 681
Jakob A. Ostergaard, Tomasz J. Block, Sophia Dahm, Waheed Khan, and Karin A.M. Jandeleit-Dahm

47 Hypertension and Diabetes, 700
Peter M. Nilsson

48 Dyslipidaemia and Diabetes, 713
Adie Viljoen, Ahmed Handhle, and Anthony S. Wierzbicki

49 Ischaemic Heart Disease in Diabetes, 724
Michael Lehrke and Nikolaus Marx

50 Heart Failure and Diabetes, 732
Ambarish Pandey, Kershaw V. Patel, and Subodh Verma

51 Cerebrovascular Disease and Diabetes, 745
Colum F. Amory, Jesse Weinberger, and Travis S. Smith

52 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 755
Henrik H. Sillesen

Part 9 Other Complications of Diabetes

53 Foot Problems in People with Diabetes, 771
Frank L. Bowling, Keeley J. Foley, and Andrew J.M. Boulton

54 Sexual Function in Men and Women with Diabetes, 780
Kirsty Winkley, Camilla Kristensen, Jackie Fosbury, and David Price

55 Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Diabetes, 796
Michael Camilleri and Adil E. Bharucha

56 Diabetes and Oral Health, 810
Palle Holmstrup, Christian Damgaard, and Allan Flyvbjerg

57 Diabetes and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, 820
Alessandro Mantovani, Giovanni Targher, and Christopher D. Byrne

58 The Skin in Diabetes, 838
Paul Devakar Yesudian

59 Bone and Rheumatic Disorders in Diabetes, 853
Andrew Grey and Nicola Dalbeth

60 Diabetes and Cancer: Risk, Outcomes, and Clinical Implications, 867
Ellena Badrick, Emily J. Gallagher, and Andrew G. Renehan

61 Diabetes and Infections, 878
Andrea O.Y. Luk and Clive S. Cockram

62 Sleep and Diabetes, 897
Sonya Deschênes, Amy McInerney, and Norbert Schmitz

Part 10 Psychosocial Aspects of Diabetes

63 Psychosocial and Behavioural Aspects of Diabetes, 907
Frans Pouwer and Jane Speight

64 Role of Cognitive Function in Managing People with Diabetes, 922
Tamsin Santos, Chelsea Baird, Sally Eastwood, Kerrie Shiell, and Joseph E. Ibrahim

65 Mental Disorders and Diabetes, 933
Najma Siddiqi, Marietta Stadler, and Richard I.G. Holt

66 Social Aspects of Diabetes, 956
Brian M. Frier and Mark W.J. Strachan

67 Social Determinants of Diabetes, 973
Keri F. Kirk, Gerald McKinley, Briana Mezuk, and Erica Spears

Part 11 Diabetes in Special Groups

68 Ethnic, Cultural, and Religious Aspects to the Management of Diabetes, 987
Wasim Hanif, Sarah N. Ali, and Vinod Patel

69 Diabetes in Childhood, 999
Jennifer M. Ikle, Ananta Addala, and David M. Maahs

70 Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Diabetesin Transition, 1019
Charlotte W. Chen and Lori M.B. Laffel

71 Diabetes in Pregnancy, 1034
David R. McCance and Laura Cassidy

72 Diabetes in Old Age, 1072
Ahmed H. Abdelhafiz and Alan J. Sinclair

73 Diabetes at the End of Life, 1085
Trisha Dunning and June James

Part 12 Delivery and Organization of Diabetes Care

74 The Role of the Multidisciplinary Team across Primary and Secondary Care, 1097
Samuel Seidu and Kamlesh Khunti

75 Models of Diabetes Care in Low-and Middle-Income Countries, 1107
David Beran, Sigiriya Aebischer Perone, and Maria Lazo-Porras

Part 13 Future Directions

76 Immunotherapies for Type 1 Diabetes, 1125
Jesper Johannesen and Flemming Pociot

77 Stem Cell Therapy in Diabetes, 1137
Angelo Avogaro and Gian Paolo Fadini

78 Gene Therapy for Diabetes, 1144
Veronica Jimenez and Fatima Bosch

79 Future Drug Treatments for Type 2 Diabetes, 1154
Clifford J. Bailey

Index, 1167