Experimental Acupuncturology (eBook)

Editor Jaung-Geng Lin is a chair professor at the College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taiwan.

Foreword 5
Editor’s Preface 6
Contents 7
1: A Brief History of Acupuncture: From Traditional Acupuncturology to Experimental Acupuncturology 9
1.1 Historical Events of Traditional Acupuncturology 10
1.2 Historical Events of Experimental Acupuncturology 11
1.3 Published Literature on Acupuncture 14
References 14
2: Acupuncture Analgesia for Animals 17
2.1 Introduction 18
2.2 Inflammatory Pain 21
2.3 Potential Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Acupuncture in Inflammatory Pain 22
2.4 Fibromyalgia Pain 25
2.5 Possible Mechanisms Underlying FM in Mice 27
2.6 Neuropathic Pain 28
2.7 Animal Behavior for Pain Investigation 29
References 31
3: Electroacupuncture for the Treatment of Morphine and Cocaine Addiction 36
3.1 Opioid Addiction 37
3.2 Cocaine Addiction 37
3.3 Acupuncture Treating Drug Addiction: Clinical Evidence 37
3.3.1 Early Studies 37
3.3.2 A Protocol in Western Countries: NADA 38
3.3.3 Acupuncture Effectively Treats Opiate Addiction: Clinical Study Evidence 38
3.3.4 Acupuncture for the Treatment of Cocaine Addiction: Clinical Study Evidence 38
3.4 Conditioned Place Preference (CPP): Assessment of Rewarding Effects 39
3.4.1 History 39
3.5 Possible Mechanisms for Drug Addiction and the Interaction with Acupuncture 39
3.5.1 The Ventral Tegmental Area and the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) 39
3.5.2 Effects of Acupuncture on Drug Addiction 40
3.5.3 EA Reduces Morphine-Induced CPP 40
3.5.4 Low-Frequency EA Can Induce a Rewarding Effect 44
3.6 Acupuncture Reduces Cocaine-Induced Behavioral Sensitization 44
3.6.1 Acupuncture Reduces Cocaine-Induced Seizures and Death 45
3.7 Future Directions 46
References 46
4: Acupuncture Treatment in Depression 49
4.1 Introduction 50
4.2 Major Depressive Disorder 51
4.2.1 Clinical Manifestations 51
4.2.2 Biological Mechanisms 51
4.2.3 Current Antidepressant Treatments Fail to Meet Clinical Needs 53
4.2.4 Chinese Medicine Theory in Depression 54
4.3 Overview of Acupuncture in Depression 55
4.4 Antidepressant Effects of Acupuncture 56
4.4.1 Methodology 56
4.4.2 Results 56
4.4.2.1 Medication Versus Acupuncture 61
4.4.2.2 Acupuncture Plus Medication Versus Medication Only 61
4.4.2.3 Verum Versus Sham Acupuncture 61
4.4.2.4 Adverse Effects 61
4.4.2.5 Acupoints 62
4.4.3 Discussion 62
4.4.4 Methodology Problems and Limitations 63
4.5 Biological Mechanisms for Acupuncture in Depression 65
References 67
5: Acupuncture and Itch: Basic Research Aspects 73
5.1 Introduction 74
5.1.1 Definition of Itch 74
5.1.2 Pathology of Itch 74
5.2 Itch Classification 75
5.3 Modulators for Itch and Pain 75
5.3.1 Histamine 75
5.3.2 Interleukins (ILs) 76
5.3.3 Protease-Activated Receptors 76
5.3.4 Mas-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptors (Mrgprs) 76
5.3.5 Peripheral ?- and ?-Opioid Receptors 76
5.4 Itch Is Frequently Poorly Controlled by Antihistamines and Other Treatments 77
5.5 Acupuncture 77
5.6 Acupuncture and Pruritus: Acupuncture Treatment Is Effective for Itch in Clinical Studies 77
5.6.1 Acupuncture Decreases the Histamine-Induced Itch Response 77
5.6.2 Acupuncture Decreases Pruritus Scores in Patients with Refractory Uremic Pruritus 78
5.6.3 Acupuncture Alleviates Itching in Patients with Neurogenic Pruritus 78
5.7 Basic Research on the Acupuncture Treatment of Itch Is Limited 78
5.8 Animal Models of Pruritogen-Induced Scratching Behavior 78
5.8.1 GNTI-Induced Scratching 79
5.8.2 Compound 48/80-Induced Scratching 79
5.8.3 5-HT-Induced Scratching 79
5.9 Itch-Related Scratching Behavior Is Associated with c-Fos Expression in the Superficial Dorsal Horn of the Spinal Cord 79
5.9.1 A Tool to Visualize the Pathway Involved in the Integration of Noxious Inputs 79
5.9.2 Pruritogen-Induced c-Fos Expression 80
5.10 Recent Results 80
5.10.1 EA at LI4 and LI11 Attenuates Scratching Behavior and c-Fos Expression Induced by GNTI 80
5.10.2 EA at LI4 and LI11 Attenuates GNTI-Induced Spinal Microglial Activation 81
5.10.3 Cold Stimulation 82
References 83
6: Effects of Acupuncture on Peripheral Nerve Regeneration 87
6.1 Introduction 88
6.2 Application of Acupuncture in Nerve Repair 90
6.2.1 Nerve Transection Injury 90
6.2.2 Disease-Related Nerve Damage 91
6.2.3 Nerve Damage Caused by Chemotherapy Drugs 92
6.3 Influence of Acupuncture on Neurotrophins 93
6.3.1 Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) 93
6.3.2 Other NTs 94
6.3.3 Other growth factors 95
6.4 Future Direction of Acupuncture in Nerve Regeneration 95
References 96
7: The Effect of Acupuncture on Stroke 101
7.1 Introduction 102
7.2 The Clinical Efficacy of Acupuncture in Stroke 103
7.3 The Effects of Acupuncture in Cerebral Ischemic Models 105
7.3.1 The Anti-inflammatory Effects of Acupuncture 105
7.3.2 The Antioxidative Stress Effects of Acupuncture 107
7.3.3 The Anti-apoptotic Effects of Acupuncture 109
7.3.4 The Effect of Acupuncture on Neurogenesis 114
References 116
8: Experimental Study of Electroacupuncture Therapy in Diabetes Mellitus 124
8.1 The Use of Acupuncture in Diabetes Mellitus 125
8.2 Using Acupoints for Treating DM in Animal Studies 126
8.3 The Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Experimental Animal Models in EA Studies 127
8.3.1 Classification of Diabetes Mellitus 127
8.3.2 Type 1 Diabetes Animal Model in Acupuncture Research 130
8.3.3 Type 2 Diabetes Animal Models in Acupuncture Research 131
8.4 DM Animal Models Apply in the Study of Plasma Glucose Regulation 132
8.4.1 Chemically Induced Diabetic Animal Models 132
8.4.2 Genetic and Spontaneous Models 134
8.5 The Possible Mechanisms of EA in the Regulation of Plasma Glucose 135
8.5.1 Mechanisms of Hypoglycemic Effect 135
8.5.2 Mechanisms of Improving Insulin Sensitivity 136
8.5.3 Mechanisms of Improve Insulin Resistance State 137
8.5.4 Microarray Approached in the Hypoglycemic Effect of EA 138
8.5.5 Interaction Between EA and Drugs 139
8.5.6 Interaction Between EA and Insulin 139
8.5.7 Interaction Between EA and Rosiglitazone 140
8.5.8 Interaction Between EA and Metformin 141
8.5.9 Interaction Between EA and Sevoflurane 141
References 144
9: Experimental Models for Mechanistic Studies of Moxibustion 147
9.1 Clinical Relevance 148
9.2 Experimental Models 148
9.2.1 Manipulation-Local Somatothermal Stimulation in the Experimental Setting 148
9.2.2 Anesthesia for Experimental Animals 149
9.2.3 Experimental Model for Measuring the Sphincter of Oddi Motility 149
9.2.4 Experimental Model for Evaluation of Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) Expression 150
9.2.5 Experimental Model for Preconditioning Organs with LSTS 150
9.2.6 Experimental Model for Preconditioning Organs with LSTS Against Ischemia-Reperfusion (I/R) Injury 151
9.2.6.1 Parameter Evaluation 151
9.3 Results 152
9.3.1 LSTS on Acupoints Relaxes Oddi’s Sphincter Through Neural Release of Nitric Oxide 152
9.3.2 LSTS on Peripheral Acupoints Induces Hsp70 Expression 152
9.3.3 LSTS Preconditioning Protects the Organs Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury 152
References 153
10: Acupuncture Elicits Neuroprotective Effect by Ameliorating Cognitive Deficits 155
10.1 Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture 155
10.2 Cognitive Impairment 156
10.3 Acupuncture Therapy for Treatment of Cognitive Impairment in the Clinic 157
10.4 Acupuncture Effects on Animal Models with Cognitive Impairment 158
10.4.1 Experimental Designs 158
10.4.2 Acupuncture and Animal Models 159
10.4.2.1 Chronic Corticosterone (CORT)-Induced Cognitive Deficits 159
10.4.2.2 Trimethyltin (TMT)-Induced Cognitive Deficits 163
10.4.2.3 Scopolamine (SCO)-Induced Cognitive Deficits 164
10.4.3 Cognitive Deficits in the Senescence-Accelerated Mouse 164
10.4.4 AD Animal Model 165
10.4.5 Modeling VD in Rats 166
10.4.6 Other Studies 167
References 168
11: Acupuncture on Sleep Regulation 173
11.1 Introduction 174
11.2 Animal Model and Methodology 176
11.3 Current Results 177
11.3.1 Effects of Anesthetics on Sleep-Wake Activity 177
11.3.2 Sleep Alterations After 10 Hz EAc Stimuli on Bilateral Anmian Acupoints 178
11.3.3 Scopolamine Blocks 10 Hz EAc-Induced Sleep Alterations 178
11.3.4 Bilateral NTS Lesion Blocks 10 Hz EAc-Induced Sleep Enhancement 179
11.3.5 Effects of Opioid Antagonists on 10 Hz EAc-Induced Sleep Enhancement 179
11.3.6 Change of ?-Endorphin Levels After 10 Hz EAc 180
11.3.7 Effects of Opioid Antagonists on 100 Hz EAc-Induced Sleep Enhancement 181
11.4 Future Directions for Acupuncture Study 182
References 183
12: High-Tech Acupuncture Research: Laser Acupuncture 186
12.1 Transcontinental High-Tech Acupuncture Network 187
12.2 Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Research Center Graz 189
12.3 Violet Laser Acupuncture 190
12.4 Yellow Laser Acupuncture 191
12.5 Teleacupuncture: Patient is in Asia, the Analysis in Europe 194
12.6 Innovative Research on Auricular Medicine 195
References 197
13: Acupuncture Regulation of Gastrointestinal Function by Selection of Homotopic and Heterotopic Acupoints 199
13.1 Introduction of Acupuncture Treatment of Gastrointestinal (GI) Disorders 200
13.2 Acupuncture on Gastric Function 200
13.3 Acupuncture on Small Intestinal Function 204
13.4 Acupuncture on Colonic Motility 206
References 209