Biology of Proteoglycans (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Biology of Proteoglycans 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Preface 12
CHAPTER 1. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AS PROBES FOR ELUCIDATING PROTEOGLYCAN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 16
I. Introduction 16
II. Production, Screening, and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Directed against Epitopes Present on Proteoglycan Substructures 17
III. Monoclonal Antibodies to Epitopes Present on Proteoglycan Monomers 24
IV. Monoclonal Antibodies to the Link Proteins of Cartilage Proteoglycan Aggregate 36
V. General Discussion 38
References 40
CHAPTER 2. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PROTEOGLYCANS AND LINK PROTEINS 42
I. Perspectives 42
Il. Cell-Free Translation of mRNAs Encoding Proteoglycan Core Proteins and Link Proteins 44
III. Cloning of Proteoglycan Core Protein and Link Protein cDNAs 53
IV. Prospectives 64
References 69
CHAPTER 3. BIOSYNTHESIS OF HEPARIN AND HEPARAN SULFATE 74
I. Introduction 74
II. The Proteoglycans—Structures and Interactions 75
III. Outline of the Biosynthetic Process 86
IV. Regulation of Polymer Modification 95
V. Organization of the Biosynthetic Apparatus 107
VI. Perspectives for the Future 112
References 114
CHAPTER 4. PROTEOGLYCAN METABOLISM BY RAT OVARIAN GRANULOSA CELLS IN VITRO 120
I. Introduction 120
II. Characterization of Granulosa Cell Proteoglycans 121
III. Metabolism of Granulosa Cell Proteoglycans 127
IV. General Considerations 140
References 143
CHAPTER 5. INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEOGLYCANS AS MATRIX RECEPTORS: ROLE IN CYTOSKELETON AND MATRIX ASSEMBLY AT THE EPITHELIAL CELL SURFACE 144
I. Introduction 144
II. Characteristics of Mammary Epithelial Cell Surface Proteoglycan 148
III. Distribution of Epithelial Cell Surface Proteoglycan 153
IV. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Binds Stromal Matrix Components 157
V. Cell Surface Proteoglycan as a Matrix Anchor to the Cytoskeleton 160
VI. Cell Surface Proteoglycan Is a Matrix Receptor 165
VII. Summary 165
References 167
CHAPTER 6. STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF PROTEOGLYCANS IN CARTILAGE 170
I. Introduction 170
II. Macromolecular Structure of Isolated Proteoglycans Based on Electron-Microscopic Analysis 171
III. Preservation Methods for Proteoglycans in Tissue 172
IV. Morphology of Proteoglycans in Cartilage 177
V. Spatial Arrangement of Proteoglycans in Native Tissue 191
References 198
CHAPTER 7. PROTEOGLYCANS, CHONDROCALCIN, AND THE CALCIFICATION OF CARTILAGE MATRIX IN ENDOCHONDRIAL OSSIFICATION 202
I. Anatomical Organization of the Growth Plate 202
II. Composition and Organization of the Cartilage Matrix of Growth Plate 205
III. Changes in the Proteoglycans of the Growth Plate Associated with Calcification 216
IV. Purified Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans Can Bind Calcium and Inhibit Calcification in Vitro 220
V. A Unifying Hypothesis to Explain the Proteoglycan Changes That May Occur in Calcifying Growth Plate Cartilage 221
References 222
CHAPTER 8. BIOCHEMICAL BASIS OF AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN PROTEOGLYCANS 226
I. Introduction 226
II. Aging and Maturation 228
III. Proteoglycan Populations: Age-Related Changes 233
IV. Biosynthesis 251
V. Proteoglycans in Disease 255
References 259
CHAPTER 9. EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX COMPONENTS OF THE SYNAPSE 262
I. Introduction 262
II. ECM Components Are Involved in Synaptic Regeneration 262
III. Axonal Transport of Sulfated Materials 264
IV. Proteoglycans in Secretory Vesicles 265
V. A Synaptic Junctional Proteoglycan Related to the Vesicle Form 266
VI. Purification and Characterization of the ECM Proteoglycan 270
VII. The Antigenic Determinant of Electric Organ TAP 271
VIII. Insertion of the Anchorage Protein 272
IX. Other Components of the ECM at the Synapse 273
References 277
CHAPTER 10. BLOOD VESSEL PROTEOGLYCANS 282
I. Introduction 282
II. Biochemistry of Arterial Proteoglycans 283
III. Morphology of Arterial Proteoglycans 285
IV. Proteoglycans in Atherosclerosis 289
V. Cell Culture Studies 296
VI. Concluding Remarks 309
References 310
CHAPTER 11. HEPARAN SULFATE SPECIES AND BLOOD VESSEL WALL FUNCTION 316
I. Introduction 316
II. The Role of Heparan Sulfate Species as a Regulator of Coagulation Mechanism Activity 316
III. Role of Heparan Sulfate as a Modulator of Smooth Muscle Proliferation 334
References 353
CHAPTER 12. CELL-ASSOCIATED PROTEOGLYCANS IN HUMAN MALIGNANT MELANOMA 360
I. Extracellular Matrix Composition during Tumorigenesis 360
II. Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans Synthesized by Human Melanoma Cells: Production of Monoclonal Antibodies 361
III. Biosynthesis and Intracellular Transport of Proteoglycans 371
IV. Conclusion 377
References 379
CHAPTER 13. INTRACELLULAR PROTEOGLYCANS IN CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 382
I. Introduction 382
II. Localization and Characterization of Secretory Granule Proteoglycans in Different Cell Types 382
III. Speculated Functions of Intracellular Proteoglycans in Immunity and Inflammation 393
IV. Summary 396
References 397
INDEX 404