Instrumentation in Nuclear Medicine (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Instrumentation in Nuclear Medicine 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 12
List of Contributors 6
Foreword 8
Preface 10
Part I. Fundamental Concepts 20
Chapter 1. RADIOISOTOPES AND LABELED COMPOUNDS 22
I. Radiopharmaceutical Agents in Nuclear Medicine 22
II. Iodinated Compounds 24
III. Chromium 29
IV. Iron 30
V. Phosphorus 31
VI. Colloids: Gold-198 and Chromic Phosphate-32P 31
VII. Mercury 32
VIII. Selenium 33
IX . Cobalt 33
References 34
Chapter 2. THE RADIOISOTOPE LABORATORY IN THE GENERAL HOSPITAL 36
I. Establishment of a Radioisotope Laboratory 36
II. Starting and Maintaining a Radioisotope Laboratory 38
III. Records and Economics of the Radioisotope Laboratory 40
IV. Frequently Performed Diagnostic Procedures 42
Supplementary Readings 48
Chapter 3. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTATION 50
I. Statistics of Radioisotope Measurements 51
II. Radiation Detectors 59
III. Recording Instruments 66
IV. Selection of Equipment 72
Part II. Systems for Radiation Analysis 78
Chapter 4. GEIGER–MÜLLER AND PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS 80
I. Counter Characteristics 80
II. Absorption of ß Rays and Detection Efficiency for ß Rays and Photons 84
III. Counter Systems and Applications 89
References 94
Chapter 5. SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS 96
I. Detection Mechanism of Semiconductor Detectors 97
II. Detector Performance 105
III. Medical and Biological Applications 110
References 115
Chapter 6. SODIUM IODIDE SCINTILLATORS 118
I. Scintillation Characteristics 118
II. Growth of Single Nal(Tl) Crystals 122
III. Sodium Iodide as a .-Ray Detector 124
IV. .-Ray Spectroscopy 130
References 139
Chapter 7. SYSTEMS FOR DATA ACCUMULATION AND PRESENTATION 142
I. Preamplifiers 142
II. Amplifiers 147
III. Pulse-Height Analyzers 156
IV. High-Voltage Power Supplies 165
V. Pulse Storage 166
VI. Data Processing 170
References 183
Chapter 8. RADIATION SAFETY INSTRUMENTS 186
I. Dose-Rate Monitors and Survey Meters 186
II. Integrated Dose Indicators 194
III. Calibration of Instruments 201
References 202
Part III. Measurements of Biological Samples 204
Chapter 9. PREPARATION OF SAMPLES FOR LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING 206
I. Scintillators 207
II. Solvents 211
III. Counting Solutions 214
IV. Quenching 218
V. Solubilizing Agents 223
VI. Measurement of 14CO2 226
VII. Combustion and Oxidation 227
VIII. Suspension Counting 229
IX. Counting Activity on Paper 233
X. Suspended Scintillators 237
XI. Measurement of Inorganic Elements 240
XII. Measurement of ß,.-Ray Emitters 241
XIII. Double-Label Counting 242
XIV. Triple-Label Counting 244
References 245
Chapter 10. LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING EQUIPMENT 252
I. Light Conversion 253
II. Electronic Circuitry 261
III. Sample Counting 265
IV. Automation and Data Handling 270
References 273
Chapter 11. RADIOCHROMATOGRAPHIC COUNTING TECHNIQUES 276
I. Types of Chromatographic Techniques 276
II. Paper and Thin-Layer Radiochromatography 278
III. Gas and Liquid Chromatography 289
IV. Electronic and Recording Systems 295
References 297
Chapter 12. .-RAY SAMPLE COUNTING 300
I. Sodium Iodide Well-Counters 300
II. Counters for Large Sample Volumes 316
III. Double Tracer Techniques 322
IV. Automation of Sample Counting 327
References 331
Chapter 13. NUCLEAR ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 334
I. Sample Preparation 334
II. Activation Sensitivity 339
III. Methods of Analysis 343
IV. Clinical and Biological Applications 347
Supplementary Readings 350
Part IV. Radioisotope Measurements in Vivo 352
Chapter 14. THYROID RADIOIODINE UPTAKE MEASUREMENTS 354
I. Recommendations and Comments of Consultants for the International Atomic Energy Agency 355
II. Single-Detector Instruments 363
III. Multiple-Detector Instruments 372
IV. Limitations of Present Methods 374
References 376
Chapter 15. In Vivo TRACER STUDIES BY EXTERNAL .-RAY COUNTING 378
I. Fundamental Concepts of the Time-Concentration Curve 378
II. Recording of Radioisotope Dilution Curves 380
III. Determination of Organ Blood Flow by the Clearance of Radioactive Tracers from Circulating Blood 391
IV. Measurements of Organ Function by Accumulation or Disappearance Measurements 400
References 405
Chapter 16. RADIOISOTOPE SCANNING 408
I. Scanning Instrumentation 408
II. Collimator Performance 420
III. Collimator-Detector Sensitivity 428
IV. Readout Systems 439
References 453
Chapter 17. MULTIHOLE COLLIMATORS FOR SCANNING 456
I. Collimator Properties 456
II. Collimator Structure 460
III. Evaluation and Comparison of Collimators 476
References 485
Chapter 18. POSITRON SCANNING 488
I. Positron Emission and Annihilation 488
II. Instrument Design 490
III. Application to Brain Scanning 503
References 509
Chapter 19. RADIOISOTOPE CAMERAS 512
I. Stationary Devices for Translating Radioisotope Distribution into Visual Images 513
II. Description of Scintillation Camera 522
III. Image-Producing Collimators for Use with .-Ray Emitters 541
IV. The Positron Camera: Coincidence Collimation of Annihilation Radiation from Positron Emitters 554
V. Recording Methods 568
References 577
Chapter 20. SINGLE AND MULTIPLE DETECTOR SYSTEMS FOR WHOLE-BODY COUNTING 580
I. Principle of Whole-Body Counting 581
II. Design of Single and Multiple Nal(Tl) Detector Systems 582
III. Performance of Single and Multiple Nal(Tl) Detector Systems 601
IV. Calibration of Single and Multiple Nal(Tl) Detector Systems 606
References 610
Chapter 21. LARGE ORGANIC SCINTILLATION DETECTORS 614
I. Liquid and Plastic Scintillators 614
II. .-Ray Absorption and Low-Z Detectors 616
III. The Los Alamos Liquid Human Counter 622
IV. 2p Multiple Plastic Counter 634
V. Small Animal Counters 637
VI. Arm Counters 640
References 644
APPENDIX 646
I. Electron Range and Gamma-Ray Absorption 647
II. Application and Radiation Dose of Radioisotopes in Medicine 652
III. Manufacturers of Nuclear Instruments and Their Products 656
Author Index 664
Subject Index 676