Fiber Optic Measurement Techniques (eBook)
672 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-092043-6 (ISBN)
Carefully balancing descriptions of principle, operations and optoelectronic circuit implementation, this indispensable resource will enable the engineer to:
. Understand the implications of various measurement results and system performance qualifications
. Characterize modern optical systems and devices
. Select optical devices and subsystems in optical network design and implementation
. Design innovative instrumentations for fiber optic systems
This book brings together in one volume the fundamental principles with the latest techniques, making it a complete resource for the optical and communications engineer developing future optical devices and fiber optic systems.
Optical fiber communication systems and networks constitute the core of the telecom infrastructure of the information society worldwide. Accurate knowledge of the properties of the contituent components, and of the performance of the subsystems and systems must be obtained in order to ensure reliable transmission, distribution, and delivery of information. This book is an authoritative and comprehensive treatment of fiber-optic measurement techniques, including not only fundamental principles and methodologies but also various instrumentations and practical implementations. It is an excellent up-to-date resource and reference for the academic and industrial researcher as well as the field engineer in manufacturing and network operations. - Dr. Tingye Li, AT&T Labs (retired)
Rongqing Hui received his PhD in Electrical Engineering from Politecnico di Torino, Italy in 1993. He is currently a tenured professor in the department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Kansas. He has published more than 90 refereed technical papers in the area of fiber-optic communications and holds 13 patents. Dr. Hui currently serves as an Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Communications.
Maurice O'Sullivan has worked for Nortel for a score of years, at first in the optical cable business, developing factory-tailored metrology for optical fiber, but, in the main, in the optical transmission business developing, modeling and verifying physical layer designs & performance of Nortel's line and highest rate transmission product including OC-192, MOR, MOR+, LH1600G, eDCO and eDC40G. He holds a Ph.D. in physics (high resolution spectroscopy) from the University of Toronto, is a Nortel Fellow and has been granted more than 30 patents.
* The only book to combine explanations of the basic principles with latest techniques to enable the engineer to develop photonic systems of the future
* Careful and systematic presentation of measurement methods to help engineers to choose the most appropriate for their application
* The latest methods covered, such as real-time optical monitoring and phase coded systems and subsystems, making this the most up-to-date guide to fiber optic measurement on the market
Fiber Optic Measurement Techniques is an indispensable collection of key optical measurement techniques essential for developing and characterizing today's photonic devices and fiber optic systems. The book gives comprehensive and systematic descriptions of various fiber optic measurement methods with the emphasis on the understanding of optoelectronic signal processing methodologies, helping the reader to weigh up the pros and cons of each technique and establish their suitability for the task at hand. Carefully balancing descriptions of principle, operations and optoelectronic circuit implementation, this indispensable resource will enable the engineer to:- Understand the implications of various measurement results and system performance qualifications- Characterize modern optical systems and devices- Select optical devices and subsystems in optical network design and implementation- Design innovative instrumentations for fiber optic systems This book brings together in one volume the fundamental principles with the latest techniques, making it a complete resource for the optical and communications engineer developing future optical devices and fiber optic systems. "e;Optical fiber communication systems and networks constitute the core of the telecom infrastructure of the information society worldwide. Accurate knowledge of the properties of the contituent components, and of the performance of the subsystems and systems must be obtained in order to ensure reliable transmission, distribution, and delivery of information. This book is an authoritative and comprehensive treatment of fiber-optic measurement techniques, including not only fundamental principles and methodologies but also various instrumentations and practical implementations. It is an excellent up-to-date resource and reference for the academic and industrial researcher as well as the field engineer in manufacturing and network operations."e; Dr. Tingye Li, AT&T Labs (retired)Rongqing Hui received his PhD in Electrical Engineering from Politecnico di Torino, Italy in 1993. He is currently a tenured professor in the department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Kansas. He has published more than 90 refereed technical papers in the area of fiber-optic communications and holds 13 patents. Dr. Hui currently serves as an Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Communications.Maurice O'Sullivan has worked for Nortel for a score of years, at first in the optical cable business, developing factory-tailored metrology for optical fiber, but, in the main, in the optical transmission business developing, modeling and verifying physical layer designs & performance of Nortel's line and highest rate transmission product including OC-192, MOR, MOR+, LH1600G, eDCO and eDC40G. He holds a Ph.D. in physics (high resolution spectroscopy) from the University of Toronto, is a Nortel Fellow and has been granted more than 30 patents. - The only book to combine explanations of the basic principles with latest techniques to enable the engineer to develop photonic systems of the future- Careful and systematic presentation of measurement methods to help engineers to choose the most appropriate for their application- The latest methods covered, such as real-time optical monitoring and phase coded systems and subsystems, making this the most up-to-date guide to fiber optic measurement on the market
Front Cover 1
Fiber Optic Measurement Techniques 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Preface 12
Acknowledgements 13
About the Author 16
Constants 18
Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Optical Devices 20
1.0 Introduction 21
1.1 Laser Diodes and LEDs 23
1.1.1 Pn Junction and Energy Diagram 24
1.1.2 Direct and Indirect Semiconductors 25
1.1.3 Carrier Confinement 26
1.1.4 Spontaneous Emission and Stimulated Emission 27
1.1.5 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 28
1.1.6 Laser Diodes (LDs) 32
1.1.7 Single-Frequency Semiconductor Lasers 45
1.2 Photodetectors 51
1.2.1 Pn-Junction Photodiodes 51
1.2.2 Responsivity and Bandwidth 53
1.2.3 Electrical Characteristics of a Photodiode 55
1.2.4 Photodetector Noise and SNR 56
1.2.5 Avalanche Photodiodes (APDs) 60
1.3 Optical Fibers 63
1.3.1 Reflection and Refraction 63
1.3.2 Propagation Modes in Optical Fibers 68
1.3.3 Optical Fiber Attenuation 81
1.3.4 Group Velocity and Dispersion 86
1.3.5 Nonlinear Effects in an Optical Fiber 96
1.4 Optical Amplifiers 104
1.4.1 Optical Gain, Gain Bandwidth, and Saturation 105
1.4.2 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 108
1.4.3 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs) 119
1.5 External Electro-Optic Modulator 134
1.5.1 Basic Operation Principle of Electro-Optic Modulators 135
1.5.2 Frequency Doubling and Duo-Binary Modulation 140
1.5.3 Optical Single-Side Modulation 142
1.5.4 Optical Modulators Using Electro-Absorption Effect 144
References 146
Chapter 2: Basic Instrumentation for Optical Measurement 148
2.0 Introduction 149
2.1 Grating-Based Optical Spectrum Analyzers 150
2.1.1 General Specifications 150
2.1.2 Fundamentals of Diffraction Gratings 153
2.1.3 Basic OSA Configurations 157
2.2 Scanning FP Interferometer 165
2.2.1 Basic FPI Configuration and Transfer Function 165
2.2.2 Scanning FPI Spectrum Analyzer 172
2.2.3 Scanning FPI Basic Optical Configurations 176
2.2.4 Optical Spectrum Analyzer Using the Combination of Grating and FPI 178
2.3 Mach-Zehnder Interferometers 179
2.3.1 Transfer Matrix of a 2x2 Optical Coupler 180
2.3.2 Transfer Function of an MZI 181
2.3.3 MZI Used as an Optical Filter 183
2.4 Michelson Interferometers 187
2.4.1 Operating Principle of a Michelson Interferometer 188
2.4.2 Measurement and Characterization of Michelson Interferometers 191
2.4.3 Techniques to Increase Frequency Selectivity 193
2.5 Optical Wavelength Meter 198
2.5.1 Operating Principle of a Wavelength Meter Basedon Michelson Interferometer 199
2.5.2 Wavelength Coverage and Spectral Resolution 202
2.5.3 Wavelength Calibration 204
2.5.4 Wavelength Meter Based on Fizeau WedgeInterferometer 205
2.6 Optical Polarimeter 207
2.6.1 General Description of Lightwave Polarization 207
2.6.2 The Stokes Parameters and the Poincare Sphere 209
2.6.3 Optical Polarimeters 212
2.7 Measurement Based on Coherent Optical Detection 215
2.7.1 Operating Principle 215
2.7.2 Receiver SNR Calculation of Coherent Detection 218
2.7.3 Balanced Coherent Detection and PolarizationDiversity 221
2.7.4 Phase Diversity in Coherent HomodyneDetection 223
2.7.5 Coherent OSA Based on Swept Frequency Laser 226
2.8 Waveform Measurement 230
2.8.1 Oscilloscope Operating Principle 231
2.8.2 Digital Sampling Oscilloscopes 235
2.8.3 High-Speed Sampling of Optical Signal 238
2.8.4 High-Speed Electric ADC Using OpticalTechniques 242
2.8.5 Short Optical Pulse Measurement Usingan Autocorrelator 243
2.9 Optical Low-Coherent Interferometry 251
2.9.1 Optical Low-Coherence Reflectometry 251
2.9.2 Fourier-Domain Reflectometry 259
2.10 Optical Network Analyzer 265
2.10.1 S-Parameters and RF Network Analyzer 265
2.10.2 Optical Network Analyzers 268
References 275
Chapter 3: Characterization of Optical Devices 278
3.0 Introduction 279
3.1 Characterization of RIN and Linewidth of Semiconductor Lasers 279
3.1.1 Measurement of Relative Intensity Noise (RIN) 280
3.1.2 Measurement of Laser Phase Noise and Linewidth 285
3.2 Measurement of Electro-Optic Modulation Response 295
3.2.1 Characterization of Intensity Modulation Response 296
3.2.2 Measurement of Frequency Chirp 301
3.2.3 Time-Domain Measurement of Modulation-Induced Chirp 311
3.3 Wideband Characterization of an Optical Receiver 315
3.3.1 Characterization of Photodetector Responsivity and Linearity 316
3.3.2 Frequency Domain Characterization of Photodetector Response 318
3.3.3 Photodetector Bandwidth Characterization Using Source Spontaneous-Spontaneous Beat Noise 320
3.3.4 Photodetector Characterization Using Short Optical Pulses 323
3.4 Characterization of Optical Amplifiers 325
3.4.1 Measurement of Amplifier Optical Gain 325
3.4.2 Measurement of Static and Dynamic Gain Tilt 330
3.4.3 Optical Amplifier Noise 333
3.4.4 Optical Domain Characterization of ASE Noise 335
3.4.5 Impact of ASE Noise in Electrical Domain 337
3.4.6 Noise Figure Definition and Its Measurement 342
3.4.7 Time-Domain Characteristics of EDFA 346
3.5 Characterization of Passive Optical Components 348
3.5.1 Fiber-Optic Couplers 349
3.5.2 Fiber Bragg Grating Filters 354
3.5.3 WDM Multiplexers and Demultiplexers 359
3.5.4 Characterization of Optical Filter Transfer Functions 364
3.5.5 Optical Isolators and Circulators 372
References 380
Chapter 4: Optical Fiber Measurement 384
4.0 Introduction 385
4.1 Classification of Fiber Types 386
4.1.1 Standard Optical Fibers for Transmission 386
4.1.2 Specialty Optical Fibers 389
4.2 Measurement of Fiber Mode-Field Distribution 393
4.2.1 Near-Field, Far-Field, and Mode-Field Diameter 394
4.2.2 Far-Field Measurement Techniques 397
4.2.3 Near-Field Measurement Techniques 399
4.3 Fiber Attenuation Measurement and OTDR 401
4.3.1 Cutback Technique 401
4.3.2 Optical Time-Domain Reflectometers 403
4.3.3 Improvement Considerations of OTDR 410
4.4 Fiber Dispersion Measurements 413
4.4.1 Intermodal Dispersion and Its Measurement 414
4.4.2 Chromatic Dispersion and Its Measurement 419
4.5 Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) Measurement 428
4.5.1 Representation of Fiber Birefringence and PMD Parameter 428
4.5.2 Pulse Delay Method 432
4.5.3 The Interferometric Method 434
4.5.4 Poincare Arc Method 437
4.5.5 Fixed Analyzer Method 439
4.5.6 The Jones Matrix Method 443
4.5.7 The Mueller Matrix Method 450
4.6 Determination of Polarization-Dependent Loss 457
4.7 PMD Sources and Emulators 461
4.8 Measurement of Fiber Nonlinearity 465
4.8.1 Measurement of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Coefficient 466
4.8.2 Measurement of the Stimulated Raman Scattering Coefficient 472
4.8.3 Measurement of Kerr effect nonlinearity 478
References 496
Chapter 5: Optical System Performance Measurements 500
5.0 Introduction 501
5.1 Overview of Fiber-Optic Transmission Systems 502
5.1.1 Optical System Performance Considerations 503
5.1.2 Receiver BER and Q 505
5.1.3 System Q Estimation Based on Eye Diagram Parameterization 513
5.1.4 Bit Error Rate Testing 518
5.2 Receiver Sensitivity Measurement and OSNR Tolerance 527
5.2.1 Receiver Sensitivity and Power Margin 528
5.2.2 OSNR Margin and Required OSNR (R-OSNR) 533
5.2.3 BER vs. Decision Threshold Measurement 540
5.3 Waveform Distortion Measurements 543
5.4 Jitter Measurement 546
5.4.1 Basic Jitter Parameters and Definitions 546
5.4.2 Jitter Detection Techniques 551
5.5 In-situ Monitoring of Linear Propagation Impairments 556
5.5.1 In Situ Monitoring of Chromatic Dispersion 556
5.5.2 In Situ PMD Monitoring 560
5.5.3 In Situ PDL Monitoring 570
5.6 Measurement of Nonlinear Crosstalk in Multi-Span WDM Systems 575
5.6.1 XPM-Induced Intensity Modulation in IMDD Optical Systems 575
5.6.2 XPM-Induced Phase Modulation 591
5.6.3 FWM-Induced Crosstalk in IMDD Optical Systems 594
5.6.4 Characterization of Raman Crosstalk with Wide Channel Separation 600
5.7 Modulation Instability and Its Impact in WDM Optical Systems 609
5.7.1 Modulation-Instability and Transfer Matrix Formulation 609
5.7.2 Impact of Modulation Instability in Amplified Multispan Fiber Systems 619
5.7.3 Characterization of Modulation Instability in Fiber-Optic Systems 620
5.8 Optical System Performance Evaluation Based on Required OSNR 625
5.8.1 Measurement of R-SNR Due to Chromatic Dispersion 626
5.8.2 Measurement of R-SNR Due to Fiber Nonlinearity 629
5.8.3 Measurement of R-OSNR Due to Optical Filter Misalignment 634
5.9 Fiber-Optic Recirculating Loop 635
5.9.1 Operation Principle of a Recirculating Loop 636
5.9.2 Measurement Procedure and Time Control 637
5.9.3 Optical Gain Adjustment in the Loop 641
References 647
Index 650
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 21.1.2009 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Sachbuch/Ratgeber |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Optik | |
| Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-08-092043-8 / 0080920438 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-08-092043-6 / 9780080920436 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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