Non-Invasive Monitoring of Multiphase Flows (eBook)

Cover 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS 6
PREFACE 14
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 20
CHAPTER 1. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES FOR LOCAL AND GLOBAL FLUID DYNAMIC QUANTITIES IN TWO AND THREE PHASE SYSTEMS 24
1.1 INTRODUCTION 24
1.2 GAS HOLDUP AND SOLIDS CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENT 25
1.3 PROBES FOR LOCAL GAS HOLDUP AND SOLIDS CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENTS 38
1.4 MEASUREMENT OF BUBBLE SIZE AND VELOCITY 44
1.5 MEASUREMENT OF LIQUID AND SOLID VELOCITIES 51
1.6 FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS AND REMARKS 59
PART I: TOMOGRAPHY AND RADIOGRAPHY IMAGING TECHNIQUES 70
CHAPTER 2. COMPUTER-ASSISTED GAMMA AND X-RAY TOMOGRAPHY : APPLICATION TO MULTIPHASE FLOW SYSTEMS 72
2.1 INTRODUCTION 72
2.2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY 74
2.3 HARDWARE ELEMENTS FOR A CT SCANNER 85
2.4 THE SIGNAL PROCESSING AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM 90
2.5 MEASURES OF CT SCANNER PERFORMANCE 91
2.6 SOURCES OF ERROR IN CT SCANNING 94
2.7 CT SCANNER DESIGN PROCESS 102
2.8 APPLICATION OF TOMOGRAPHY IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH 109
2.9 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FOR VOID FRACTION DISTRIBUTION IN A BUBBLE COLUMN 113
2.10 PROCESS APPLICATIONS OF TOMOGRAPHY 118
CHAPTER 3. COMPUTER-ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY FOR LIQUID IMAGING IN TRICKLE FLOW COLUMNS 130
3.1 INTRODUCTION 130
3.2 TRICKLE BED REACTORS 131
3.3 TRICKLING FILTERS 132
3.4 ABSORPTION COLUMNS 133
3.5 LIQUID MALDISTRIBUTION 134
3.6 SELECTION OF A MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE 135
3.7 LOCAL MEASUREENTS 135
3.8 TOMOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES 136
3.9 DESCRIPTION OF THE X-RAY TOMOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE 137
3.10 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 144
3.11 INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS 148
3.12 CONCLUSION 159
CHAPTER 4. EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS OF VOIDAGE IN GAS FLUIDIZED BEDS 166
4.1 INTRODUCTION 166
4.2 VOIDAGES IN BUBBLING FLUIDIZED BEDS 167
4.3 X-RAY ATTENUATION 169
4.4 X-RAY TOMOGRAPHY 179
4.5 VOIDAGES IN CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BEDS 180
CHAPTER 5 . NON-MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY 186
5.1 INTRODUCTION 186
5.2 POSITRON EMISSION 187
5.3 DETECTORS OF POSITRON EMISSION 188
5.4 PET RADIOACTIVE LABELS 193
5.5 TOMOGRAPHIC RECONSTRUCTION 196
5.6 APPLICATIONS OF PET 199
5.7 SUMMARY 207
CHAPTER 6. NEUTRON TRANSMISSION TOMOGRAPHY APPLIED TO REACTIVE DISSOLUTION THROUGH PERCOLATING POROUS MEDIA 210
6.1 INTRODUCTION 210
6.2 DESCRIPTION OF FACILITY AND INSTRUMENTATION 211
6.3 PRINCIPLES OF NEUTRON TRANSMISSION TOMOGRAPHY 213
6.4 RECONSTRUCTING TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGES 219
6.5 NEUTRON RADIOGRAPHY FOR IMAGING OF REACTIVE DISSOLUTION PATTERNS 222
6.6 NEUTRON TRANSMISSION TOMOGRAPHY FOR IMAGING POROSITY PATTERNS 228
6.7 FUTURE CHALLENGES OF NEUTRON TRANSMISSION TOMOGRAPHY 230
CHAPTER 7. X-RAY DIFFRACTION TOMOGRAPHY. APPLICATION TO IMAGING HETEROGENEOUS SYSTEMS 238
7.1 INTRODUCTION TO X-RAY DIFFRACTION TOMOGRAPHY 238
7.2 SCATTERING THEORY 239
7.3 EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT 244
7.4 SELECTED RESULTS 246
7.5 IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION IN XDT 255
7.6 FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS 263
7.7 CONCLUSION 265
CHAPTER 8. PULP FLOW VISUALIZATION USING NMR IMAGING 272
8.1 INTRODUCTION 272
8.2 NMR IMAGING EXPERIMENT 278
8.3 RESULTS 279
8.4 CONCLUSION 286
CHAPTER 9. ELECTRICAL CAPACITANCE IMAGING OF FLUIDIZED BEDS 288
9.1 BACKGROUND ON TOMOGRAPHY WITH ELECTRIC FIELDS 288
9.2 DESCRIPTION OF FLUIDIZED BEDS 290
9.3 THEORY AND PRINCIPLES OF CAPACITANCE TOMOGRAPHY 293
9.4 METC CAPACITANCE IMAGING SYSTEM 299
9.5 DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTS 304
9.6 VISUALISATION TECHNIQUES 306
9.7 INSIGHTS FROM VISUALIZATION 310
9.8 QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS 317
9.9 OTHER OBSERVATIONS 322
9.10 CONCLUSIONS 329
PART II: VELOCIMETRIC TECHNIQUES 334
CHAPTER 10. POSITRON EMISSION PARTICLE TRACKING: PARTICLE VELOCITIES IN GAS FLUIDIZED BEDS, MIXERS AND OTHER APPLICATIONS 336
10.1 INTRODUCTION 336
10.2 THE PEPT TECHNIQUE 337
10.3 APPLICATIONS 340
10.4 FINAL REMARKS 359
CHAPTER 11. RADIOACTIVE PARTICLE TRACKING IN MULTIPHASE REACTORS: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS 362
11.1 INTRODUCTION & BRIEF HISTORY
11.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF RPT 365
11.3 RPT VS. OTHER NON-INVASIVE MEASURING TECHNIQUES 390
11.4 APPLICATIONS OF RPT TO MULTIPHASE REACTORS 392
11.5 SUMMARY 424
CHAPTER 12. DIGITAL IMAGE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES FOR THE STUDY OF BUBBLING FLUIDIZED BEDS 434
12.1 INTRODUCTION 434
12.2 EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM 436
12.3 BUBBLE CHARACTERISTICS IN BEDS WITH AND WITHOUT IMMERSED OBSTACLES 440
12.4 MIXING OF UNIFORM SOLIDS - TRACER STUDIES 450
12.5 JETSAM CONCENTRATION IN SEGREGATING BINARY FLUIDIZED SYSTEMS 460
12.6 CIRCULATION PATTERNS OF A SINGLE TRACER PARTICLE 467
12.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS 474
CHAPTER 13. LASER-DOPPLER ANEMOMETRY : APPLICATIONS IN MULTIPHASE FLOW SYSTEMS 482
13.1 INTRODUCTION 482
13.2 PARTICLE VELOCITY MEASUREMENT 486
13.3 PARTICLE SIZE MEASUREMENT 493
13.4 PARTICLE CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENT 500
13.5 THRESHOLD TECHNIQUE 502
13.6 MATCHED REFRACTIVE INDEX METHOD FOR MULTI- PHASE 504
13.7 EXAMPLES 505
13.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 515
CHAPTER 14. PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY : APPLICATION FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE FLOW STRUCTURE IN THREE-PHASE FLUIDIZED BEDS 522
14.1 INTRODUCTION 522
14.2 PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY FOR MULTIPHASE FLOWS 525
14.3 APPLICATION OF THE PIV TECHNIQUE TO FLUIDIZATION SYSTEMS 529
14.4 SUMMARY 542
CHAPTER 15. FLUORESCENCE IMAGING TECHNIQUES : APPLICATION TO MEASURING FLOW AND TRANSPORT IN REFRACTIVE INDEX-MATCHED POROUS MEDIA 546
15.1 INTRODUCTION 546
15.2 THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION 548
15.3 EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 553
15.4 PARTICLE VELOCIMETRY TECHNIQUES 557
15.5 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 561
15.6 CONCLUSIONS 601
ALPHABETICAL INDEX 608