Boxing (eBook)

Cover 1
Title Page 6
Copyright Page 7
Table of contents 8
Preface 14
Introduction 22
Chapter 1. Impact Mechanics and Neuropathology of Closed Head Injury 22
Classification of Head and Brain Injuries 26
Injury Producing Mechanisms 28
Clinical Diagnoses 35
Types of Injuries of the Brain and Its Enveloping Structures 37
Chapter 2. General Aspects of the Biomechanics of Boxing 66
Measurement of Head Acceleration in Boxers 66
Relationship between Weight of Boxing Gloves and Severity of Impact 69
Influence of Head Guards and Canvas 70
Pneumatic Boxing Gloves 73
Thumbless or Thumb-restrained Boxing Gloves 73
Discussion of Some Ideas and Terms used in Boxing 73
Chapter 3. The so-called Second Impact Syndrome 75
Chapter 4. Prize Ring Rules 81
Knocked Out of the Ring 81
Double Knock Outs 82
Fewest Knock Outs 82
Chapter 5. Punches 83
Blows against the Side of the Rib 84
So-called Cork-screw Punch 84
Effect of a Blow under the Heart 84
Solar Plexus Blows 86
Punches into the Stomach Region 86
Chapter 6. Illegal Punches 87
Blows with an Open Boxing Glove ('Lacing Punch') 88
'Lacing Punch' to Rip Open the Brow and produce a Quick T K O 88
'Lace Slasher' to Injure the Nose 89
'Lace Punch' to the Mouth 90
Eye Thumbing and Gouging 90
Blows with the Elbow 91
Head Butting 93
The 'Nodder' 93
Blows below the Waistline 94
The so-called 'Rabbit Punch' 94
Chapter 7. Importance of Animal Models for the Interpretation of Boxing Injuries 97
Models with Translational Acceleration 98
Non-deforming Rotational Acceleration of the Head using Head Acceleration Device II (HAD-Il) 101
Chapter 8. Injuries Apart from CNS Damage 118
Facial Injuries 118
Chapter 9. Eye Injuries 182
Case Histories of Eye Injuries in Boxers 182
Classification of Eye Injuries by DOGGART 185
Chapter 10. Hearing Impairments 215
Case Histories of Hearing Loss in Boxers 215
Series of PAULSEN and HUNDHAUSEN 216
Audiometric Findings in the Different Weight Classes 216
Threshold Audiometric Findings in Boxers Related to the Total Number of Bouts 217
Extent of the Hearing Loss in the Different Weight Classes 221
Extent of the Hearing Loss in Regard to the Number of Bouts 222
Classification of Hearing Acuity after Head Injury 223
Relationship between Localization of Impact and Hearing Loss 224
Above - Threshold Audiometry: The Localization of Hearing due to the Result of above threshold Audiometry 224
Hearing Impairment as an Occupational Hazard in Professional Boxers 225
Chapter 11. Injuries to the Hand, Wrist, Muscles and Peripheral Nerves 227
Rib Fractures in Boxers 235
Traumatic Pneumothorax 235
Muscle Ruptures in Boxers 236
Chapter 12. Injuries to Internal Organs 238
Cardiac Injuries 238
Acute Renal Damage 242
Chapter 13. Damage to the Central Nervous System 245
Consciousness 245
Different Knock out Mechanisms 246
Commotio cerebri (cerebral concussion) 250
Boxers Hanging draped over the Ring Ropes 254
'Pummeling Knock out' ('Verhämmerungs Knock out') 258
Loss of Posture and Amnesia due to Anemia of the Brain 258
Oculo-cardiac Reflex Mechanisms (ASCHNER-DAGNINI Reflex) 258
Knock down with Loss of Muscle Tone 262
Different Forms of Cerebral Reflex Knock outs 262
Body Knock outs 263
Mechanical Irritation of the Carotid Sinus 263
Frequency of the Different Forms of the Carotid Sinus Reflexes 265
The Reflex Pathway of the Different Types 265
Symptomatology of the Provoked Hyperactive Carotid Sinus Reflex 268
Sequels of Blows at the Carotid Sinus in Boxing 270
Chapter 14. Acute Clinical Findings 293
Survived Pathological Injuries 293
Survived Subarachnoid Hemorrhages 293
Survived Subdural Hemorrhages and Hematomas 293
Fractures of the Cervical Spine and Vertebral Arteries in Boxing 297
Injuries to the Carotid Arteries due to Blows against the Neck 301
Traumatic Thrombotic Occlusion of the Basilar Artery 304
Backward Falls of Boxers and Possible Consequences 307
Chapter 15. Chronic Clinical Findings 309
MARTLAND's Pioneering Publication on the Punch Drunk Syndrome 309
Discussion of the so-called Multiple Concussion Hemorrhages 312
Discussion of the Different Diagnoses used 315
Case Histories of Chronic Chnical Findings 317
Importance of the Study of ROBERTS (1969) 359
Further Clinical Studies 373
Chapter 16. Electroencephalographic Findings in Boxers 434
Neuroradiological Findings 443
Psychometric Findings 443
Clinical Findings 443
Chapter 17. Acute Pathomorphological Findings 448
Chapter 18. Chronic Pathomorphological Findings 482
Case Histories of Histologically Examined Boxers 482
Chapter 19. Cavum septi pellucidi in the Population and in Boxers 558
Chapter 20. Punch Drunk Syndrome 561
Chapter 21. Why are Woodpeckers not Punch Drunk? 565
Chapter 22. Examples of Brain Damaged Boxers 566
Ad WOLGAST 566
MUHAMMAD ALI 567
Bubi SCHOLZ 573
Jerry QUARRY 573
Chapter 23. Fatal Incidents in the Boxing Ring 575
Professional Boxing Fight between Primo CARNERA and Ernie SCHAAF 575
Professional Fist Fight between Harry LANE and Lem FRANKLIN 577
Professional Fist Fight between Kid POINT and Roland PRAIRIE 577
Fatal Outcome of a Professional Fight in Providence, Rhode Island 577
Fatal Outcome of an Amateur Boxing Match for Francisco VELASQUEZ 578
Professional Boxing Match between Manfred NAUKE and Karl Heinz BICK 578
Professional Boxing Match between Rodrigo CONTRERAS and Sonny NUNES 579
Professional Boxing Match between 'Sugar' Ray ROBINSON and Jimmy DOYLE 579
Professional Welterweight Title Match between Emile GRIFFIT and Benny 'Kid' PARET 584
Professional Boxing Match between 'Sugar' RAMOS and Davey MOORE 588
Professional Boxing Match in the Middleweight between Jackie DARTHARD and Bert LYTELL in Milwaukee 594
Professional Boxing match of the Heavyweight Boxer Alejandro LAVORANTE against Archie MOORE, Cassius CLAY and finally Johnny RIGGINS, in which LAVORANTE was fatally injured 595
Professional Boxing Match between Ernie KNOX and Wayne BETHEA 595
Professional Boxing Fight between Juan Jesus MELERO and Francisco RODRIGUEZ 597
Professional Boxing Match between Angelo JACOPUCCI and Alan MINTER 597
Professional Boxing Match between Ray 'Boom Boom' MANCINI and DUK KOO KIM 601
Professional Boxing Match in which Richie SANDOVAL was knocked out 605
Professional Boxing Fight between Lupe PINTOR and Johnny OWEN 605
Fatal Outcome of a Professional Fist Fight between Ken KATAGIRI and Fusaaki TAKANAGA 606
Professional Boxing Match between Jimmy GARCIA and Gabriel RUELAS 607
Chapter 24. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Exposure 608
Chapter 25. Amateur Boxing in the Armed Forces and Police Academies 610
Chapter 26. Statements of Medical Societies and their Perspectives of Boxing 628
Chapter 27. Discussion about Boxing Initiated by Dr. LUNDBERG 648
Chapter 28. Pros and Cons. Statements by Physicians, Officials, Writers, Moral Theologians, and Politicians, etc 657
Chapter 29. Boxer 'Nicknames' 758
Chapter 30. Boxing Spectators 760
Chapter 31. So-called 'Opponents' and Mismatches 763
Chapter 32. Purses in Boxing 767
Chapter 33. Karate 773
Physics of Karate 773
Full Contact Karate 774
Afterword 778
Bibliography 779
Index 810