Job Hazard Analysis: A Guide for Voluntary Compliance and Beyond presents a new and improved concept for Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) that guides the reader through the whole process of developing tools for identifying workplace hazards, creating systems that support hazard recognition, designing an effective JHA, and integrating a JHA based program into occupational safety and health management systems. The book goes beyond the traditional approach of focusing just on the sequence of steps and demonstrates how to integrate a risk assessment and behavioral component into the process by incorporating elements from Behavior-Related Safety and Six Sigma. This approach allows businesses to move from mere compliance to pro-active safety management. This book methodically develops the risk assessment basis needed for ANSI/AIHA Z10 and other safety and health management systems. It is supported by numerous real-life examples, end of chapter review questions, sample checklists, action plans and forms. There is a complete online solutions manual for instructors adopting the book in college and university occupational safety and health courses. This text is intended for lecturers and students in occupational safety and health courses as well as vocational and degree courses at community colleges and universities. It will also appeal to safety and health professionals in all industries; supervisors, senior managers and HR professionals with responsibility for safety and health; and loss control and insurance professionals.Enhances the JHA with concepts from Behavior- Related Safety and proven risk assessment strategies using Six Sigma tools Methodically develops the risk assessment basis needed for ANSI/AIHA Z10 and other safety and health management systems Includes numerous real-life examples, end of chapter review questions, sample checklists, action plans and forms
Front Cover 1
Job Hazard Analysis 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
About the Authors 18
Foreword 20
Preface 22
Introduction 30
Acronyms 38
Part 1 Developing a Toolkit for Identifying Workplace Hazards and Associated Risk 42
Chapter 1 Preparing for the Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment 44
1.1 THE CENTERPIECE OF A SAFETY PROCESS 45
1.2 HAZARD RECOGNITION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS 46
1.2.1 Conducting a Risk Assessment of the Workplace 46
1.2.2 Prioritizing the Risk Assessment Findings 47
1.2.3 Developing Solutions to Resolve Risk-Related Issues 47
1.2.4 Recommending and Implementing Controls 47
1.2.5 Monitoring the Results 47
1.3 DEVELOPING A SYSTEM TO IDENTIFY AND REPORT HAZARDS 51
1.3.1 Company Safety Policy 52
1.3.2 Involving Employees in the JHA Process 52
1.3.3 Protecting Employees from Harassment 53
1.3.4 Identifying Workplace Hazards 53
1.4 MAINTENANCE WORK ORDERS 56
1.5 FORMS USED TO REPORT HAZARDS 57
1.6 ACTION PLANNING 57
1.7 TRACKING HAZARDS 58
1.7.1 Tracking by Committee 58
1.7.2 Follow-up Reviews 59
1.8 CODES OF SAFE WORK PRACTICES 59
1.9 SUMMARY 59
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS 60
REFERENCES 60
Appendix A 62
A.1 SAMPLE GUIDANCE IN WRITING A POLICY STATEMENT 62
A.2 CLOSING STATEMENT 64
A.3 SUMMARY 67
Appendix B 68
B.1 SAMPLE FORMS FOR EMPLOYEE REPORTING OF HAZARDS 68
Appendix C 74
C.1 ACTION PLANNING: THREE SAMPLE VERSIONS ARE INCLUDED 74
Appendix D 78
D.1 CODES OF SAFE WORK PRACTICES 78
Chapter 2 Workplace Hazard Analysis and Review of Associated Risk 80
2.1 ANALYSIS OF THE WORKPLACE 81
2.2 INSPECTIONS AND AUDITS 83
2.3 THE CHECKLIST 83
2.3.1 Consultants and Outside Specialists 84
2.3.2 Employee Interviews 85
2.4 TYPES OF INSPECTIONS 87
2.4.1 General Walk-Around Inspections 87
2.4.2 Verification Reviews 88
2.4.3 Focus Reviews 89
2.4.4 Self-Assessment 90
2.4.5 Document Review 90
2.4.6 Written Inspection Reports 90
2.5 WHO SHOULD REVIEW THE WORKPLACE? 91
2.5.1 Supervisors 91
2.5.2 Employees 92
2.5.3 Safety Professionals 92
2.6 PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS 93
2.7 OTHER THINGS TO CONSIDER DURING A SITE INSPECTION 94
2.7.1 Incident Investigations 94
2.7.2 Trend Analysis 95
2.8 SUMMARY 96
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS 97
REFERENCES 97
Appendix E 98
E.1 SELF-INSPECTION CHECKLIST 98
Chapter 3 Developing Systems to Manage Hazards 146
3.1 HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS 150
3.2 WHY ENGINEERING CONTROLS? 151
3.3 ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS 153
3.4 PPE 155
3.4.1 PPE Limitations 155
3.4.2 PPE Hazard Assessment 156
3.5 WORK PRACTICES AND SAFETY RULES 157
3.5.1 General Safety Rules 157
3.5.2 Limitations of Work Practices and Safety Rules 158
3.6 CHANGE ANALYSIS 158
3.6.1 A Change in the Process 160
3.6.2 Building or Leasing a New Facility 160
3.6.3 New Equipment Installation 161
3.6.4 Using New Materials 162
3.6.5 Employee Changes 163
3.6.6 Adapting to Change 164
3.6.7 Other Analytical Tools for Consideration 164
3.7 SUMMARY 164
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS 165
REFERENCES 165
Appendix F 168
F.1 SAMPLE SAFETY RULES 168
Appendix G 170
G.1 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) ASSESSMENT 170
G.2 GUIDELINES FOR COMPLYING WITH PPE REQUIREMENTS 170
G.3 HAZARD ASSESSMENT FOR PPE 171
G.4 JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS ASSESSMENT FOR PPE 178
G.5 EXAMPLE PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT TRAINING CERTIFICATION FORM 183
G.6 EXAMPLE PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT TRAINING QUIZ 184
G.7 SAMPLE PPE POLICIES 185
Appendix H 192
H.1 SAFETY REVIEW OF NEW/RELOCATED EQUIPMENT MAJOR MODIFICATION SIGN-OFF FORM 192
Appendix I 194
I.1 OTHER ANALYTICAL TOOLS FOR CONSIDERATION 194
Part 2 Developing Systems that Support Hazard Recognition 200
Chapter 4 Understanding the Human Role in the Safety Process 202
4.1 HOW ARE AT-RISK EVENTS DEVELOPED? 203
4.2 WHAT CONTRIBUTES TO AN AT-RISK EVENT? 204
4.3 THE FEEDBACK LOOP 207
4.4 BEHAVIORAL APPROACH 209
4.5 CHANGING BEHAVIOR 209
4.5.1 Understanding Why Employees Put Themselves at Risk 210
4.6 UNDERSTANDING THE OTHER SIDE OF SAFETY 212
4.7 BENEFITS OF BEHAVIOR-BASED SAFETY 215
4.8 BEHAVIOR-BASED SAFETY AND INTEGRATED SAFETY MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS 215
4.8.1 Seven Guiding Principles of Integrated Safety Management 216
4.9 WILL A BEHAVIORAL PROCESS WORK FOR YOU? 217
4.10 SUMMARY 217
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS 218
REFERENCES 219
Appendix J 220
J.1 SAMPLE BEHAVIOR (AT-RISK EVENTS) LIST 220
Chapter 5 Effective Use of Employee Participation 222
5.1 WHY SHOULD EMPLOYEES BE INVOLVED? 223
5.2 INVOLVING EMPLOYEES IN THE SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 225
5.2.1 Close Contact with Hazards 226
5.2.2 Improved Support 226
5.2.3 More Participation, More Awareness 227
5.3 HAWTHORNE STUDY 227
5.4 COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION 229
5.4.1 Getting Employee Participation Started 229
5.4.2 Form a Committee 229
5.4.3 How to Use Employees in the Process 230
5.5 AREAS OF EMPLOYEE PARTICIPATION 232
5.5.1 Conducting Site Inspections 232
5.5.2 Routine Hazard Analysis 232
5.5.3 Developing or Revising Site-Specific Safety Rules 234
5.5.4 Training Other Employees 234
5.5.5 Employee Orientation 234
5.5.6 Different Approaches: Union and Non-Union Sites 234
5.5.7 Forms of Employee Participation 237
5.5.8 What Can Management Do? 237
5.6 SUMMARY 238
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS 240
REFERENCES 240
Appendix K 242
K.1 EXAMPLE OF A COMMITTEE TEAM CHARTER 242
Chapter 6 Defining Associated Risk 246
6.1 RISK MANAGEMENT 247
6.2 GENERAL RISK MANAGEMENT THEORIES AND MODELS 248
6.2.1 Employee Considerations 250
6.2.2 The Environment 251
6.2.3 Tools/Equipment/Material Considerations 252
6.2.4 Management Support and Policies, and Procedure Considerations 253
6.2.5 Job Steps and Task Considerations 253
6.3 THE SYSTEM ENGINEERING MODEL 254
6.4 RISK VERSUS BENEFIT 255
6.5 RISK MANAGEMENT COMMUNICATION 256
6.5.1 Risk Management Responsibilities 256
6.5.2 Supervision Responsibilities 257
6.5.3 Employee Responsibilities 257
6.6 RISK ASSESSMENT 257
6.7 CLASSIFICATION AND RANKING HAZARDS 261
6.7.1 Risk versus Opportunity 262
6.8 SAFETY SIGNIFICANCE 268
6.9 WHAT DOES SUCCESS LOOK LIKE? 270
6.10 SUMMARY 271
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS 272
REFERENCES 272
Chapter 7 Assessing Safety and Health Training Needs 274
7.1 HOW IS A GOOD TRAINER DEFINED? 276
7.1.1 Basic Training Principles 277
7.1.2 Types of Safety Education 280
7.1.3 Training Plan Linked to Consequences 284
7.2 STEPS IN THE COURSE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 285
7.2.1 Conducting a Training Needs Assessment 285
7.2.2 Establishing Learning Objectives 288
7.2.3 Course Content Development 296
7.2.4 Safety Program Evaluation 300
7.2.5 Recordkeeping 303
7.2.6 Develop Improvement Strategies 303
7.3 “BLUE’S CLUES” TRAINING TECHNIQUES 303
7.3.1 Improved Self-Esteem? 305
7.4 SUMMARY 305
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS 306
REFERENCES 306
Appendix L 308
L.1 SAMPLE SAFETY AND HEALTH TRAINING POLICY 308
L.2 ANSI GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATING TRAINING PROGRAMS 315
L.3 SAMPLE SAFETY TRAINING PROGRAM AUDIT 316
L.4 SAMPLE TRAINING CERTIFICATION 319
Part 3 Developing an Effective Job Hazard Analysis 322
Chapter 8 Planning for the Job Hazard Analysis 324
8.1 WHERE DO I BEGIN? 325
8.1.1 Regaining the “Feel” of the Workplace 325
8.1.2 Conducting the JHA 326
8.1.3 Why Is a JHA Important? 327
8.2 WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO GET EMPLOYEES INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS? 332
8.3 SELECTING A TEAM 333
8.4 HOW DO I KNOW THAT A JHA WILL WORK FOR ME? 335
8.5 DEFINING THE JHA 337
8.6 SELECTING THE JOBS FOR ANALYSIS 339
8.6.1 Nonroutine Tasks 344
8.7 SUMMARY 344
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS 345
REFERENCES 346
Appendix M 348
M.1 DESCRIPTION OF COMMON HAZARDS 348
Chapter 9 Breaking the Job Down into Individual Components 352
9.1 BASIC STEPS IN THE JHA DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 352
9.2 TASKS DEFINED 358
9.3 USING A CHECKLIST 361
9.4 METHODS FOR BREAKING DOWN THE JOB INTO STEPS AND TASKS 361
9.4.1 Discussion Method 361
9.4.2 Observation Method 362
9.5 WHAT TOOLS CAN BE USED TO ENHANCE THE JHA PROCESS? 364
9.5.1 Cameras and Video Equipment 364
9.5.2 Drawings and Sketches 364
9.6 “CAN’T SEE THE FOREST FOR THE TREES” 365
9.7 SUMMARY 366
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS 367
REFERENCES 368
Appendix N 370
SAMPLE FACILITY CHECKLIST 370
Chapter 10 Putting Together the Puzzle Pieces 374
10.1 COMPLETING THE JHA FORM 376
10.1.1 The Header 376
10.1.2 Body of JHA 379
10.2 BENEFIT REVIEW: GETTING THE BIGGEST BANG FOR THE BUCK 389
10.3 OKAY, I HAVE COMPLETED THE JHA: NOW WHAT? 389
10.3.1 Review JHAs until Employee Understands Hazards of Job 390
10.4 REVISING THE JHA 390
10.5 SUMMARY 393
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS 393
REFERENCES 394
Appendix O 396
O.1 SAMPLE INSTRUCTIONS ON HOW TO CHANGE A TIRE ON A CAR 396
O.2 SAMPLE JHA PRE-HAZARD ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET 398
O.3 JHA - CHANGING A TIRE 399
O.4 ANNOTATED JHA - CHANGING A TIRE EXAMPLE 402
O.5 COMPARISON JHA ON CHANGING A TIRE: TRADITIONAL vs. NEW VERSION 403
O.6 JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS, CANADIAN CENTRE FOR OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY (CCOHS) REPRINTED WITH PERMISSION
Chapter 11 Standard or Safe Operating Procedures (SOP) 412
11.1 HOW FAR IS FAR ENOUGH? WHY DEVELOP AN SOP? 412
11.2 ELEMENTS OF AN SOP 414
11.3 SUMMARY 416
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS 416
REFERENCES 416
Appendix P 418
P.1 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR SPLICING: {INSERT SIMPLE INSTRUCTIONS} 418
Part 4 Additional Tools That Can Be Used to Develop a Successful JHA 420
Chapter 12 Overview of a Safety Management Process 422
12.1 PROCESS ELEMENTS 424
12.1.1 What Are the Voluntary Protection Programs? 424
12.1.2 How Does VPP Work? 424
12.1.3 How Does VPP Help Employers and Employees? 424
12.2 MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT AND LEADERSHIP 428
12.3 EMPLOYEE PARTICIPATION 428
12.4 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT 429
12.5 HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROL 430
12.6 EDUCATION AND TRAINING 431
12.6.1 Employee Training 431
12.6.2 Management Training 432
12.7 EVALUATION OF PROCESS EFFECTIVENESS 432
12.8 THE NATURE OF ALL SAFETY SYSTEMS 432
12.9 INDICATORS AND MEASURES 436
12.10 ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES 436
12.11 MULTI-EMPLOYER WORKPLACE 437
12.12 EMPLOYEE RIGHTS 437
12.13 HEALING A SICK SYSTEM 438
12.14 THE PDSA CYCLE 440
12.15 VOLUNTARY PROTECTION PROGRAM 441
12.16 SUMMARY 445
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS 446
REFERENCES 446
Chapter 13 Six Sigma as a Management System: A Tool for Effectively Managing a JHA Process 448
13.1 SIX SIGMA EXPOSED 449
13.1.1 The Beginning 449
13.1.2 What Does Process Improvement Mean? 450
13.1.3 What Does Process Improvement Look Like? 452
13.1.4 Benefits of Improving a Process 453
13.1.5 Improving the Process Using the Six Sigma Methodology 453
13.2 A BASIC SIX SIGMA PROCESS IMPROVEMENT MODEL 454
13.2.1 DMAIC Methodology 455
13.2.2 Define Phase 457
13.2.3 Measure Phase 462
13.2.4 Analyze Phase 468
13.2.5 Improve Phase 472
13.2.6 Control Phase 473
13.3 KEY AREAS OF SIX SIGMA 475
13.4 SIX SIGMA LEVELS 476
13.5 INVESTING IN PREVENTION PAYS OFF!! 477
13.6 POSITIVE CHANGES TO CORPORATE CULTURE 479
13.7 SUMMARY 480
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS 481
REFERENCES 481
Appendix Q 482
Q.1 XY MATRIX 482
Q.2 DEVELOPING THE MATRIX 482
Final Words: Can You Develop a Culture That Will Sustain Itself? 492
TAKING A CLOSER LOOK AT REALITY 493
REFERENCE 495
Appendix R 496
R.1 OSHA LISTINGS 496
Glossary 510
Index 518
Preface
“I’ve done it this way a thousand times, ten thousand times, a hundred thousand times without getting hurt.” Sound familiar? Maybe, on the thousand and one, ten thousand and one, or hundred thousand and one time, someone does get hurt.
The truth is that we may not be doing our jobs in the safest possible way or even conducting our personal business in a safe manner all of the time. We tend to put ourselves at risk each day and so often do not know it because we have done something risky so many times it simply becomes the right way of doing things. If you were to review all of the accidents that still occur you would be amazed. This is the reason that I create the website, GotSafety.net to help highlight accident and methods to prevent them.
To help you understand the importance of developing a job hazard analysis, we have divided this book into four parts to help you understand the process.
PART 1. DEVELOPING A TOOLKIT FOR IDENTIFYING WORKPLACE RISK AND HAZARDS
Chapter 1. Preparing for the Risk and Hazard Assessment
Leadership and management skills are critical to maintaining and keeping a safety process viable in today’s business environment. With the constant theme of organizational change, you will always face an array of internal obstacles, departmental political issues, and regulatory requirements that will appear and hinder your best efforts. Add in the behavioral quirks of human nature and the plot really thickens!
The need to have foundational skills that go beyond knowledge of compliance requirements is surprisingly found within the various compliance mandates. The Federal Occupational Safety and Health (OSHA) Act states that “Employers must furnish a place of employment free of recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees,” “OSHA ACT OF 1970, 29 CFR 1903.1.” Further, the American National Standards Institute’s Z10-2005, Occupational Health and Safety Management System Standard, 4.3 Objectives, states that: “The organization shall establish and implement a process to set documented objectives, quantified where practicable, based on issues that offer the greatest opportunity for Occupational Health and Safety Management System improvement and risk reduction.”
Job hazard analysis (JHA) is an essential safety management tool. Used consistently and correctly, it will increase your ability to build an inventory or portfolio of hazards and risks associated with various jobs, job steps and the detailed tasks performed by your employees. Your professional “mental map” and skills will improve as you begin to use JHA to determine the interrelations between the job steps and tasks and the dynamics of the organization. As your portfolio of JHAs increase, you will improve your safety “tool box” and the skill sets that increase your effectiveness in implementing your programs in the face of continual organizational change.
The JHA provides the basic methodology and structure needed to recognize hazards and the elements of personal choices that are associated with each job. Introducing a JHA process will greatly enhance an organization’s evaluation of hazards and their associated risks and should be an essential, fundamental part of any safety process.
Chapter 1 will focus on identifying existing and potential hazards that may be associated with your workplace.
Chapter 2. Workplace Risk and Hazard Reviews
The JHA, as the centerpiece of your safety program, provides the blueprint to design the workplace review. A JHA enhances your ability to anticipate and understand how all job elements combine and allows you to develop effective control programs and procedures. It is important in your process to ensure that the work environment is actively analyzed and monitored. To build your process, a workplace review should be conducted by designated knowledgeable employees who physically review the operations and activities. By asking specific questions concerning their observations, they develop an insight on conditions within their work areas that may cause harm or damage.
Safety reviews should do more than identify visible hazards. They should provide useful data for the purpose of effective analysis and evaluation of the safety management system. The analysis should also attempt to understand how our own personal behavior affects potential harm. Our personal workplace behaviors can be driven by the importance management places on correcting identified hazards or controls to risks.
Chapter 2 will focus on workplace analysis and how a variety of workplace review methods can identify existing hazards or potential hazards, which are the conditions and operations where changes could create hazards.
Chapter 3. Developing Systems to Manage Hazards
An effective JHA management system provides for the continual analysis of the workplace and anticipates changes needed to modify or develop policies and procedures to control new, existing, or reoccurring hazards. The JHA provides the structured format that determines the variety of job steps required to complete a task and the conditions needed for its safe completion.
For better or worse, the safety professional usually inherits an ongoing workplace as it is, with or without management support, operational hazards, and an array of employee and management behaviors that have developed over a long period of time. Many levels of risk exist in the workplace and stem from things such as chemicals, materials, equipment, tools, and environment and, of course, the long term behaviors of employees and management within the organization.
Hazard and risk measures provide the information related to of define specific hazard training. Hazards that employees are exposed to should be systematically identified and evaluated.
Chapter 3 will discuss the systems used in a hazard analysis of the work environment.
PART 2. DEVELOPING SYSTEMS THAT SUPPORT HAZARD RECOGNITION
Chapter 4. Understanding the Human Role in the Safety Process
After the risk and hazards have been identified and assessed, behaviors of the individuals in the operation must be reviewed. A great control program is worthless if the individuals will not or cannot follow its criteria. The controls defined for the safety process must be followed to be successful and this requires building in knowledge of what influences behavior.
Chapter 4 is designed to assist those not familiar with the human role in the safety process and provide some background information on how the process works and its value in providing for continuous improvement of the JHA process.
Chapter 5. Effective Use of Employee Participation
The success of any business depends on the total involvement of every employee in the operation. Without the involvement of the employees, the potential for developing a full understanding of the job and how it is currently completed is limited. This chapter looks at the reasons behind employee participation and suggests methods and activities that can help to increase the potential for the successful implementation of JHA process.
Chapter 5 will outline the objective of employee participation and how it is used to encourage everyone to help in the structuring and effective functioning of the safety process and with the decisions that directly affect their personal safety.
Chapter 6. Defining Associated Risk
Risk management principles have been used for many years and in many high hazard industries and operations. However, as many programs have been typically designed around regulatory compliance or losses, the risk management concepts are still new to many employees and still are rarely used in many organizations to assess events that could cause an injury. Even experienced safety professionals still go on their “gut” instinct-”I think, I feel”-or prior knowledge to develop safety programs. A shift must take place in our thought process. We must understand the need to collect risk-related data, analyze the data, and make decisions based on risk assumptions. Risk principles are used to prioritize and clarify the importance and objectives of hazard control.
Risk can be defined as a measure of the probability and severity of adverse effects. We will provide several simple, logical formats to provide understanding on how to use effective risk management principles. These formats will outline how hazards are associated with specific job steps and related tasks.
Chapter 6 will discuss risk and the measurement of probability and severity of adverse effects.
Chapter 7. Assessing Safety and Health Training Needs
The JHA process requires the transfer of knowledge about specific job risks in a way that can be easily and readily understood by all levels of the organization. Having knowledge of risk, safety management, and the JHA process is not enough. You must be able to clearly communicate the importance of the JHA tools, methods, and concepts. To do this, you must have an understanding of training and learning theory.
Chapter 7 provides a basic overview of the...
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 8.4.2011 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Sachbuch/Ratgeber |
| Technik ► Bauwesen | |
| Wirtschaft | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-08-055416-4 / 0080554164 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-08-055416-7 / 9780080554167 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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