Human Osteology (eBook)

Contents 6
Preface to the Third Edition 22
Preface to the Second Edition 24
Preface to the First Edition 26
Chapter 1:Introduction 28
1.1 Human Osteology 28
1.2 A Guide to the Text 29
1.3 Teaching Osteology 32
1.4 Resources for the Osteologist 33
1.5 Studying Osteology 33
1.6 Working with Human Bones 34
Suggested Further Readings 35
Chapter 2:Anatomical Terminology 38
2.1 Planes of Reference 38
2.2 Directional Terms 40
2.3 Motions of the Body 42
2.4 General Bone Features 43
2.5 UsefulPrefixes and Suffixes 45
2.6 Anatomical Regions 48
2.7 Shape-related Terms 49
Suggested Further Readings 50
Chapter 3:Bone Biology and Variation 52
3.1 Variation 52
3.2 A Few Facts about Bone 54
3.3 Bones as Elements of the Musculoskeletal System 55
3.4 Gross Anatomy of Bones 59
3.5 Molecular Structure of Bone 62
3.6 Histology and Metabolism of Bone 62
3.7 Bone Growth 64
3.8 Morphogenesis 66
3.9 Bone Repair 67
Suggested Further Readings 69
Chapter 4:Skull: Cranium and Mandible 70
4.1 Handling the Skull 78
4.2 Elements of the Skull 78
4.3 Growth and Architecture, Sutures and Sinuses 79
4.4 Skull Orientation 81
4.5 Craniometric Landmarks 81
4.6 Learning Cranial Skeletal Anatomy 86
4.7 Frontal 87
4.8 Parietals 91
4.9 Temporals 94
4.10 Auditory Ossicles 98
4.11 Occipital 98
4.12 Maxillae 102
4.13 Palatines 105
4.14 Vomer 106
4.15 Inferior Nasal Conchae 108
4.16 Ethmoid 109
4.17 Lacrimals 110
4.18 Nasals 111
4.19 Zygomatics 112
4.20 Sphenoid 114
4.21 Mandible 118
4.22 Measurements of the Skull: Craniometrics 123
4.23 Cranial Nonmetric Traits 124
4.24 Mastication 126
Suggested Further Readings 126
Chapter 5:Teeth 128
5.1 Dental Form and Function 129
5.2 Dental Terminology 130
5.3 Anatomy of a Tooth 131
5.4 Dental Development 134
5.5 ToothIdentification 136
5.6 To Which Category Does the Tooth Belong? 137
5.7 Is the Tooth Permanent or Deciduous? 139
5.8 Is the Tooth an Upper or a Lower? 141
5.9 What is the Position of the Tooth? 143
5.10 Is the Tooth from the Right or the Left Side? 148
5.11 Dental Measurements: Odontometrics 153
5.12 Dental Nonmetric Traits 154
Suggested Further Readings 154
Chapter 6:Hyoid and Vertebrae 156
6.1 Hyoid 156
6.2 General Characteristics of Vertebrae 158
6.3 CervicalVertebrae 163
6.4 Thoracic Vertebrae 166
6.5 Lumbar Vertebrae 170
6.6 Vertebral Measurements 173
6.7 Vertebral Nonmetric Traits 173
6.8 Functional Aspects of the Vertebrae 174
Chapter 7:Thorax: Sternum and Ribs 176
7.1 Sternum 176
7.2 Ribs 180
7.3 Functional Aspects of the Thoracic Skeleton 186
Chapter 8:Shoulder Girdle:Clavicle and Scapula 188
8.1 Clavicle 188
8.2 Scapula 192
8.3 Functional Aspects of the Shoulder Girdle 201
Chapter 9:Arm: Humerus, Radius, and Ulna 202
9.1 Humerus 202
9.2 Radius 211
9.3 Ulna 218
9.4 Functional Aspects of the Elbow and Wrist 224
Chapter 10: Hand: Carpals, Metacarpals,and Phalanges 226
10.1 Carpals 229
10.2 Metacarpals 236
10.3 Hand Phalanges 242
10.4 Functional Aspects of the Hand 245
Chapter 11:Pelvis: Sacrum, Coccyx, and Os Coxae 246
11.1 Sacrum 246
11.2 Coccyx 252
11.3 Os Coxae 253
11.4 Pelvis 264
11.5 Functional Aspects of the Pelvic Girdle 267
Chapter 12:Leg: Femur, Patella, Tibia, and Fibula 268
12.1 Femur 268
12.2 Patella 279
12.3 Tibia 281
12.4 Fibula 290
12.5 Functional Aspects of the Knee and Ankle 297
Chapter 13: Foot: Tarsals, Metatarsals,and Phalanges 298
13.1 Tarsals 303
13.2 Metatarsals 312
13.3 Foot Phalanges 318
13.4 Functional Aspects of the Foot 321
Chapter 14: Anatomical and BiomechanicalContext 322
14.1 Anatomical Conventions 322
14.2 Biomechanical Conventions 323
14.3 Interpreting the Figures 324
14.4 Cranium and Mandible 326
14.5 Clavicle 328
14.6 Humerus 330
14.7 Radius 332
14.8 Ulna 334
14.9 Os Coxae 336
14.10 Femur 338
14.11 Tibia 340
14.12 Fibula 342
Suggested Further Readings 343
Chapter 15: Field Procedures forSkeletal Remains 344
15.1 Search 345
15.2 Discovery 345
15.3 Excavation and Retrieval 346
15.4 Transport 355
Suggested Further Readings 356
Chapter 16:Laboratory Procedures and Reporting 358
16.1 Setting 358
16.2 Stabilization 359
16.3 Preparation 360
16.4 Restoration 363
16.5 Sorting 364
16.6 Metric Acquisition and Analysis 366
16.7 Photography 372
16.8 Radiography 376
16.9 Microscopy 377
16.10 Molding and Casting 378
16.11 Computing 379
16.12 Reporting 379
16.13 Curation 382
Suggested Further Readings 382
Chapter 17:Ethics in Osteology 384
17.1 Ethics and the Law 384
17.2 Respecting the Dead: Appropriate Individual Behavior 385
17.3 Speaking for the Dead: Ethics in Forensic Osteology 385
17.4 Caring for the Dead: Considerations in the Curation of Remains 388
17.5 Custody of the Dead: “Repatriation” and the U.S. Native American Graves Protection and RepatriationAct 389
17.6 Ethics in Human Paleontology 401
17.7 Relevant Codes of Ethics and Ethical Statements 402
Suggested Further Readings 403
Chapter 18: Assessment of Age, Sex, Stature, Ancestry, and Identity of theindividual 406
18.1 Accuracy, Precision, and Reliability of Determinations 407
18.2 From Known to Unknown: Using Standard Series 408
18.3 Estimation of Age 408
18.4 Determination of Sex 435
18.5 Estimation of Stature 445
18.6 Estimation of Ancestry 448
18.7 Identifying the Individual 452
Suggested Further Readings 453
Chapter 19:Osteological and Dental Pathology 456
19.1 Description and Diagnosis 457
19.2 Skeletal Trauma 460
19.3 Congenital Disorders 466
19.4 Circulatory Disorders 467
19.5 Joint Diseases 468
19.6 Infectious Diseases and Associated Manifestations 470
19.7 Metabolic Diseases 474
19.8 Endocrine Disorders 475
19.9 Hematopoietic and Hematological Disorders 475
19.10 Skeletal Dysplasias 477
19.11 Neoplastic Conditions 479
19.12 Diseases of the Dentition 481
19.13 Musculoskeletal Stress Markers 484
Suggested Further Readings 485
Chapter 20:Postmortem Skeletal Modification 486
20.1 Bone Fracture 487
20.2 Bone Modification by PhysicalAgents 489
20.3 BoneModification by Nonhuman Biological Agents 491
20.4 BoneModification by Humans 493
Suggested Further Readings 500
Chapter 21: The Biology of Skeletal Populations: Discrete Traits, Distance, Diet, Disease, and Demography 502
21.1 Nonmetric Variation 503
21.2 Estimating Biological Distance 507
21.3 Diet 509
21.4 Disease and Demography 512
Suggested Further Readings 516
Chapter 22:Molecular Osteology 518
22.1 Sampling 518
22.2 DNA 520
22.3 Amino Acids 523
22.4 Isotopes 524
Suggested Further Readings 524
Chapter 23: Forensic Case Study: Homicide: “We Have the Witnesses but NoBody” 526
23.1 A Disappearance in Cleveland 527
23.2 Investigation 527
23.3 Inventory 527
23.4Identification 528
23.5 Conclusion 531
Chapter 24: Forensic Case Study: Child Abuse, the Skeletal Perspective 534
24.1 Child Abuse and the Skeleton 534
24.2 A Missing Child Found 535
24.3 Analysis 535
24.4 The Result 539
Chapter 25: Archaeological Case Study: The Bioarchaeology of the StillwaterMarsh, Nevada 540
25.1 Background 540
25.2 Geography of the Carson Sink 541
25.3 Exposure and Recovery 542
25.4 Analysis 543
25.5Affinity 544
25.6 Osteoarthritis 544
25.7 Limb Shaft Cross-Sectional Anatomy 545
25.8 Physiological Stress 546
25.9 Dietary Reconstruction 546
25.10 The Future 546
Chapter 26: Archaeological Case Study: Anasazi Remains fromCottonwood Canyon 548
26.1 Cannibalism and Archaeology 548
26.2 Cottonwood Canyon Site 42SA12209 549
26.3 Discovery 550
26.4 Analysis 551
26.5 What Happened? The Osteological Contribution 556
Chapter 27: Paleontological Case Study: The Pit of theBones 560
27.1 Atapuerca 561
27.2 Discovery 562
27.3 Recovery 563
27.4 Paleodemography 565
27.5 Paleopathology 565
27.6 Functional and Phylogenetic Assessment 567
27.7 Continuing Mysteries 567
Chapter 28: Paleontological Case Study: “Ardi,” the Ardipithecus ramidus skeleton fromEthiopia 568
28.1 Background 568
28.2 Finding Fossils 570
28.3 The Geography, Geology, and Geochronology of Aramis 572
28.4 Discovering “Ardi” 573
28.5 Recovering “Ardi” 576
28.6 Restoring “Ardi” 581
28.7 Documenting “Ardi” 582
28.8 Studying “Ardi” 582
28.9 Publishing “Ardi” 584
Appendix 1: ImagingMethodology 586
Appendix 2: A Decision Tree (“Key”) Approach to ToothIdentification 590
Appendix 3: Online Resources forHuman Osteology 600
Glossary 604
Bibliography 620
Index 660