Preventive Nutrition (eBook)

Dedication 6
Series Editor’s Introduction 7
Foreword 10
Preface 12
Contents 16
Contributors 20
Value- Added eBook/ PDA 24
PREVENTIVE NUTRITION OVERVIEW 25
Preventive Nutrition 26
CANCER PREVENTION 46
Prevention of Cancers of the Esophagus and Stomach 47
Non-Nutritive Components in Foods as Modifiers of the Cancer Process 77
Dietary Supplements and Cancer Risk 111
Soy Consumption and Cancer Prevention 144
Tomato, Lycopene, and Prostate Cancer 177
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE PREVENTION 191
Iron and Heart Disease 192
Homocysteine, Folic Acid, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk 210
n-3 Fatty Acids from Fish and Plants 240
Antioxidant Vitamin Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease 264
Health Effects of Trans Fatty Acids 297
DIABETES AND OBESITY 309
Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Childhood and Adolescence 310
Prevention of Pediatric Obesity 337
Can Childhood Obesity Be Prevented? 360
Obesity and Chronic Disease 397
BONE DISEASES 416
Osteoarthritis 417
Calcium Requirements During Treatment of Osteoporosis in Women 436
Osteoporosis 443
PREVENTION OF MAJOR DISABILITIES: IMPROVEMENT IN HEALTH OUTCOMES 471
Antioxidant Status and Risk for Cataract 472
Antioxidant Nutrients and Prevention of Oxidant-Mediated Diseases 513
Nutritional Supplements and Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses in Young Children in the United States 529
Micronutrients and Immunity in Older People 558
Vitamin A and the Prevention of Morbidity, Mortality, and Blindness 580
OPTIMAL PREGNANCY/INFANCY OUTCOMES 607
Folic Acid-Containing Multivitamins and Primary Prevention of Birth Defects 608
Maternal Nutrition and Preterm Delivery 633
Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Optimal Neurodevelopment 668
Micronutrient Deficiencies and Maternal Thinness 691
PREVENTIVE NUTRITION: GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES 713
Potential Benefits of Preventive Nutrition Strategies 714
Nutrition and Food Policy in Norway 735
Prevention of Malnutrition in Chile 752
Effect of Westernization of Nutritional Habits on Obesity Prevalence in Latin America 770
Effects of Western Diet on Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases in Asia 790
CRITICAL ISSUES FOR THE 21ST CENTURY 804
Alcohol 805
Influence of Medication on Nutritional Status 830
Health Claims for Foods and Dietary Supplements 866
Teaching Preventive Nutrition in Medical Schools 886
Preventive Nutrition Throughout the Life Cycle 897
Appendix A 919
Appendix B 923
Index 927

"3. CANCER OF THE STOMACH (p. 34-35)

A steady decline in gastric cancer has been apparent in many countries for the past several decades. The declining rates were first noted in the United States as early as 1930 (105) and have persisted into this century (1). Survival rates have not appreciably changed (1,106); therefore, the decline in deaths cannot be attributed to better treatment and prolonged survival but, rather, to actual declines in incidence that are now well-documented (107).

This decline, which is believed to reflect changes in environmental factors, has been referred to as an “unplanned triumph,” because the shifts did not result from active medical or public health intervention and are believed to have resulted from large shifts in food processing and consumption (108) as well as a declining prevalence of H. pylori infection. It should be noted that the increase in esophageal adenocarcinoma that was documented in the previous section does include an increase in adenocarcinomas of the gastroesophageal junction and gastric cardia.

3.1. Histological Types

Adenocarcinomas account for more than 97% of gastric cancers, and studies of etiology are generally limited to this histological type (109). Building on an earlier observation that gastric carcinomas were often accompanied by features found in intestinal epithelium (110), Lauren (111) proposed a classification of adenocarcinomas into two subtypes: “intestinal” and “diffuse.”

Many, but not all, tumors can be classified into one of these subtypes, because some tumors contain characteristics of both types and others contain characteristics of neither. Diffuse carcinomas, sometimes referred to as “endemic,” tend to occur with similar frequency worldwide, whereas the distribution of intestinal, or “epidemic,” type of carcinomas tends to parallel the distribution of overall gastric cancer rates (i.e., this type is relatively more common in areas with high rates and lower where gastric cancer rates are low) (112).

3.2. Risk Factors

3.2.1. H. PYLORI

Spiral-shaped bacteria in contact with gastric mucosa were first reported by Pel about 100 yr ago (113) and were ignored for the following 90 yr. In 1984, Marshall and Warren (114) reported isolating these bacteria in cultures of biopsies taken from patients with gastritis and peptic ulcers who were undergoing endoscopy. By 1994, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, had determined that infection with H. pylori is carcinogenic to humans, and declared it a Group I carcinogen based on the large body of research developed during the 11-yr period (115). H. pylori infection is one of the most prevalent infections worldwide, with a range of 20 to 40% in developed countries and a range as high as 70 to 90% in some developing countries (116,117)."