Physical and Biological Hazards of the Workplace

Gregg  M. Stave, MD, JD, MPH, FACP, FACOEM, FACPM is a consultant in occupational medicine and corporate health and Assistant Consulting Professor in the Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine at Duke University Medical Center. He previously worked as a corporate medical director for Glaxo. Peter H. Wald, MD, MPH, FACP, FACOEM, FACMT, is the Enterprise Medical Director at USAA in San Antonio, Texas, and Adjunct Professor of Public Health, San Antonio Regional Campus, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX.

About The Editors xi

List of Contributors xiii

Foreword To The First Edition xvii

Preface xix

Acgih Policy Statement xxi

Acgih Statement of Position xxiii

Part I Physical Hazards 1

1 Introduction to Physical Hazards 3
Peter H. Wald

I Worker–Material Interfaces 13

2 Ergonomics and Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Disorders 13
Thomas R. Hales

3 Manual Materials Handling 33
Robert B. Dick, Stephen D. Hudock, Ming‐Lun Lu, Thomas R. Waters, and Vern Putz-Anderson

4 Occupational Vibration Exposure 53
David G. Wilder and Donald E. Wasserman

5 Mechanical Energy 73
James Kubalik

II the Physical Work Environment 87

6 Hot Environments 87
David W. DeGroot and Laura A. Pacha

7 Cold Environments 101
David W. DeGroot and Laura A. Pacha

8 High‐pressure Environments 111
Tony L. Alleman and Joseph R. Serio

9 Low‐pressure and High‐Altitude Environments 131
Worthe S. Holt

10 Shift Work 139
Allene J. Scott

III Energy and Electromagnetic Radiation 177

11 Ionizing Radiation 177
James P. Seward

12 Ultraviolet Radiation 197
James A. Hathaway and David H. Sliney

13 Visible Light and Infrared Radiation 203
James A. Hathaway and David H. Sliney

14 Laser Radiation 209
David H. Sliney and James A. Hathaway

15 Microwave, Radiofrequency, and Extremely Low‐frequency Energy 215
Richard Cohen and Peter H. Wald

16 Noise 223
Robert A. Dobie

17 Electrical Power and Electrical Injuries 231
Jeffrey R. Jones

Part II Biological Hazards 241

18 General Principles of Microbiology and Infectious Disease 243
Woodhall Stopford

19 Clinical Recognition of Occupational Exposure and Health Consequences 249
Gary N. Greenberg and Gregg M. Stave

20 Prevention of Illness from Biological Hazards 261
Gregg M. Stave

21 Viruses 275
Manijeh Berenji

22 Bacteria 347
Christopher J. Martin, Aletheia S. Donahue, and John D. Meyer

23 Mycobacteria 411
Gregg M. Stave

24 Fungi 425
Craig S. Glazer and Cecile S. Rose

25 Anaplasma, Chlamydophila, Coxiella, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia 457
Dennis J. Darcey

26 Parasites 471
William N. Yang

27 Envenomations 501
James A. Palmier

28 Allergens 519
David C. Caretto

29 Latex 537
Carol A. Epling

30 Malignant Cells 543
Aubrey K. Miller

31 Recombinant Organisms 547
Jessica Herzstein and Gregg M. Stave

32 Prions: Creutzfeldt–jakob Disease (CJD) and Related Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) 553
Dennis J. Darcey

33 Endotoxins 557
Robert Jacobs

34 Wood Dust 563
Harold R. Imbus and Gregg M. Stave

Index 569