Forensic Facial Identification (eBook)

Tim Valentine is Professor of Psychology at Goldsmiths, University of London. He received his PhD from the University of Nottingham and previously held academic posts at the Universities of Manchester and Durham. He is the author of more than 80 journal articles and book chapters on face recognition and eyewitness identification, and is co-editor of The Handbook of Psychology of Investigative Interviewing (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009) and Cognitive and Computational Aspects of Face Recognition (1995), as well as the co-author of The Cognitive Psychology of Proper Names (1996). He has also provided advice to the courts in many prominent criminal cases. Josh P. Davis is Senior Lecturer in the Psychology and Counseling Department at the University of Greenwich, London. He received his PhD in Psychology from Goldsmiths, University of London. He has published many journal articles and book chapters on topics associated with face recognition and eyewitness identification.

Contributors vii

Foreword by Elizabeth F. Loftus xi

Series Preface xv

Part 1 Introduction 1

1 Identification and Surveillance of Facial Images: Progress and Problems 3
Tim Valentine and Josh P. Davis

Part 2 Searching for Suspects and the Identification of Victims 15

2 Interviewing for Face Identification 17
Fiona Gabbert and Charity Brown

3 Facial Composites and Techniques to Improve Image Recognizability 43
Charlie Frowd

4 Searching for Suspects: Mugshot Files and Showups (Street Identifications) 71
Victoria Z. Lawson and Jennifer E. Dysart

5 Craniofacial Analysis and Identification 93
Caroline Wilkinson

Part 3 Identification by Eyewitnesses 127

6 Lineup Composition and Lineup Fairness 129
Steven E. Clark, Molly B. Moreland, and Ryan A. Rush

7 Estimator Variables and Memory for Faces 159
Hannah Ryder, Harriet Smith, and Heather D. Flowe

8 Confidence and Accuracy of Eyewitness Identification 185
James D. Sauer and Neil Brewer

Part 4 Identification from CCTV Images 209

9 Human Verification of Identity from Photographic Images 211
Josh P. Davis and Tim Valentine

10 Expert Analysis: Facial Image Comparison 239
Gary Edmond, Josh P. Davis, and Tim Valentine

11 Evaluating Automatic Face Recognition Systems with Human Benchmarks 263
Alice O'Toole and P. Jonathon Phillips

Part 5 Implications for Criminal Justice 285

12 Eyewitness Identification and Facial Image Comparison Evidence in Common Law Jurisdictions 287
Andrew Roberts

13 Forensic Facial Identification: A Practical Guide to Best Practice 323
Tim Valentine and Josh P. Davis

Index 000

"A superb edited volume... Forensic Facial Identification should be applauded for its heroic efforts to offer society a true sense of security. Hopefully its messages will be read by many who care about fairness, and how psychological science can help us achieve it." Elizabeth F. Loftus, Distinguished Professor, University of California, Irvine

"A broad view of contemporary eyewitness research in both traditional and emerging areas. The international cast of contributors particularly highlights the interplay between law and research across countries - with lessons for all." Steven D. Penrod, Distinguished Professor, John Jay College of Criminal Justice

"At an age where we are relying more than ever on facial identification to ensure public safety this volume represents an important milestone in ensuring our decisions are informed by the latest developments in technology and science. International experts provide practitioners with an exhaustive review of the tools needed to identify and investigate cases relying on facial identification be they terror suspects or victims of disaster. What is unique about this book is that experts are encouraged to learn from mistakes made in the past and to equip themselves with theory and science to enable them to best use identification evidence to avoid miscarriages of justice. An outstanding contribution to the field." Amina Memon, Professor of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London