Advances in Nutritional Research

1. The Transfer of Nutrients across the Perfused Human Placenta.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Comments on Comparative Placentology.- 3. The Perfusion Technique.- 4. Review of Transfer Experiments.- 4.1. Transfer of Glutamic Acid.- 4.2. Transfer of Riboflavin.- 5. Potentials and I imitations.- References.- 2. Immunoenhancement in Wasting Protein-Energy Malnutrition: Assessment of Present Information and Proposal of a New Concept.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Supplementation with Single Nutrients.- 2.1. Zinc.- 2.2. Nutrients other than Zinc.- 3. Adoptive Immunotherapy.- 3.1. Transfer Factor.- 3.2. Thymic Hormones and Extracts.- 3.3. Interleukin-1.- 4. Manipulation of Classical Endocrine Hormones: A New Concept.- 4.1. Triiodothyronine.- 4.2. Glucocorticoids.- 5. Immunostimulatory Drugs.- 6. Therapeutic Attempts in Advanced Cancer.- 7. Concluding Remarks. A Conceptual Foundation for Future Research.- 8. Acknowledgments.- References.- 3. The Role of Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Obesity and Weight Reduction.- 2.1. Overweight and the Development of Hypertension.- 2.2. Weight Reduction.- 2.3. Mechanism of Blood Pressure Lowering.- 2.4. Comments.- 3. Alcohol.- 3.1. Population Studies.- 3.2. Mode of Action.- 3.3. Comments.- 4. Sodium.- 4.1. Population Studies.- 4.2. Sodium Restriction.- 4.3. Mechanism of Blood Pressure Lowering.- 4.4. Comments.- 5. Potassium.- 5.1. Population Studies.- 5.2. Potassium Supplementation.- 5.3. Mode of Action.- 5.4. Comments.- 6. Calcium.- 6.1. Population Studies.- 6.2. Calcium Supplementation.- 6.3. Mechanism of Blood Pressure Lowering.- 6.4. Comments.- 7. Magnesium.- 8. Dietary Fat.- 8.1. Population Studies.- 8.2. Clinical Trials.- 8.3. Mechanism of Blood Pressure Changes.- 8.4. Comments.- 9. Vegetarian Diet.- 10. Diet as an Alternative to Drug Treatment.- 11. Conclusion.- References.- 4. Energy Metabolism of the Newborn Infant.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Concept of Energy Balance.- 3. The Partition of Energy Intake.- 4. Energy Expenditure of the Fetus and Infant.- 4.1. Energy Expenditure of the Fetus.- 4.2. Energy Expenditure at Birth.- 4.3. Energy Expenditure and its Variables in the Neonate.- 4.3.1. Effect of Body Weight.- 4.3.2. Effect of Postnatal and Gestational Age.- 4.3.3. Effect of Physical Activity and Behavioral State.- 4.3.4. Effect of the Thermal Environment.- 4.3.5. Effects of Feeding and Weight Gain.- 4.3.6. Effect of Body Composition, Health and Oxygenation.- 5. Growth and Energy Storage in the Fetus and Infant.- 6. Dietary Pattern and Energy Intake in Infancy.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- 5. Nutritional Assessment of the Hospitalized Patient.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Malnutrition.- 3. Parameters of Nutritional Assessment.- 3.1. Anthropometry.- 3.2. Muscle Mass.- 3.3. Body Weight.- 3.4. Protein Mass.- 3.5. Serum Proteins.- 3 6 Immunocompetence.- 4. Prediction of Malnutrition.- 5. Nutritional Intervention.- References.- 6. Nutritional Modulation of Oxygen Radical Pathology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Traditional Concept of Oxygen Toxicity.- 3. Modem Concept of Oxygen Toxicity.- 4. Radicals of Molecular Oxygen.- 4.1. Superoxide Radicals.- 4.2. Hydroxyl Radicals.- 5. Lipoxy Radicals.- 5.1. PUFA as Precursors.- 5.2. Fate of Dietary Peroxides.- 5.3. Initiation of Lipid Peroxidation in Vivo.- 5.4. Fate of Lipid Peroxides Formed in Vivo.- 5.5. Role of Dietary Lipids.- 6. Vitamin E.- 7. Selenium.- 8. Vitamin C.- 9. Iron.- 9.1. Metabolism.- 9.2. Role in Hydroxyl Radical Generation.- 9.3. Role in Lipid Peroxide Decomposition.- 10. Copper, Zinc and Manganese.- 10.1. Copper.- 10.2. Zinc.- 10.3 Manganese.- 11. Sulfur Amino Acids.- 12. Niacin.- 13. ?-carotene.- 14. Overview.- References.