Dynamic Aquaria

Walter Adey received his B.S. in Geophysics from MIT, performed graduate studies at MIT and Harvard in Paleontology and Biology, and obtained his Ph.D. in Marine Botany and Geology from the University of Michigan. Since 1977, he has been the Director of the Marine Systems Laboratory at the Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Dr. Adey is an associate editor for Restoration Ecology and The Journal of Ecological Engineering. He has authored numerous publications, and has developed several exhibits and operational mesocosm systems. Karen Loveland is a multi-international award-winning documentary film maker who has produced and directed films for the Smithsonian Institution for over 30 years. In her present position as Deputy Director for Smithsonian Productions, she assists in the management and programming for Smithsonian media activities as well as overseas production and co-production using a wide variety of electronic technologies and formats. She founded the Smithsonians Motion Picture Unit in 1969. She has been the recipient of more than 70 prestigious national and international awards and honors.

1. Introduction

Part I: Physical Environment 2. The Envelope: Physical Parameters and Energy State 3. Substrate: The Active Role of Rock, Mud, and Sand 4. Water Composition: Management of Salinity, Hardness, and Evaporation 5. The Input of Solar Energy: Lighting Requirements 6. The Input of Organic Energy: Particulates and Feeding

Part II : Biochemical Environment 7. Metabolism: Respiration, Photosynthesis, and Biological Loading 8. Organisms and Gas Exchange: Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, pH, and Alkalinity 9. The Primary Nutrients—Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Silica: Limitation and Eutrophication 10. Biomineralization and Calcification: A Key to Biosphere and Ecosystem Function 11. Control of the Biochemical Environment: Filters, Bacteria, and the Algal Turf Scrubber

Part III: Biological Structure 12. Community Structure: Biodiversity in Model Ecosystems 13. Trophic Structure: Ecosystems and the Dynamics of Food Chains 14. Primary Producers: Plants That Grow on the Bottom 15. Herbivores: Predators of Plants and Omnivores, Predators of Plants and Animals 16. Carnivores: Predators of Animals 17. Plankton and Planktivores: Floating Plants and Animals and Their Predators 18. Detritus and Detritivores: The Dynamics of Muddy Bottoms 19. Symbionts and Other Feeders

Part IV: Ecological Systems in Microcosms, Mesocosms, and Aquaria 20. Models of Coral Reef Ecosystems 21. A Subarctic/Boreal Microcosm: Test of a Biogeographic Model 22. Estuaries: Ecosystem Modeling and Restoration: Where Fresh and Salt Waters Interact 23. Freshwater Ecosystem Models

Part V: The Environment and Ecological Engineering 24. Organisms and Natural Products: Commercial Ecosystem Culture 25. Large Scale Water Quality Management with Solar Energy Capture

Part VI: Summary 26. Microcosms, Mesocosms, and Macrocosms: Building and Restoring Ecosystems: A Synthesis