Problems of the Logic of Scientific Knowledge

The Logic of Scientific Knowledge.- Levels of Knowledge and Stages in the Process of Knowledge.- I. Differences Between the Problems, ‘Sensation-Thought’ and ‘Empirical-Theoretical’.- II. Basis of the Division of the Sentences of the Language of Science into Levels.- III. The Semantic System: Admissible Objects of Thought and Modes of Expression.- IV. Empirical and Theoretical Objects of Science.- V. Sentences Which Express Facts and Sentences Which Formulate Laws.- VI. Stages in the Process of Knowledge.- VII. Types of Explanation of Empirical Connections.- VIII. Stages in the Process of Knowledge, II.- Problems of the Logical-Methodological Analysis of Relations Between the Theoretical and Empirical Planes of Scientific Knowledge.- I. The Traditional Inductivist Approach to the Problem of the Relations Between Theoretical and Empirical Knowledge and its Limitations.- II. Critique of the Neopositivist Approach to the Analysis of the Relations Between the Theoretical and Empirical Levels of Scientific Knowledge.- III. Contemporary Logic of Science on the Relations Between Theoretical and Empirical Knowledge: The Connection of the Theoretical and Empirical Levels of Knowledge in the Structure of Hypothetical-Deductive Theory.- IV. Contemporary Logic of Science on the Relations Between Empirical and Theoretical Knowledge: The Problem of the Establishment of Logical Correspondence Between Theoretical and Empirical Knowledge.- Logical and Physical Implication.- The Deductive Method as a Problem of the Logic of Science.- I. Introduction.- II. Deduction and Deductive Inference.- III. Deductive System and Deductive Theory.- IV. Types of Deductive Systems.- V. Problems of the Logical-Epistemological Analysis of the Deductive Sphere of Knowledge.- Probability Logic andits Role in Scientific Research.- I. Introduction.- II. Systems of Probability Logic.- III. Probability Logic and Statistical Inference.- IV. Probability Logic and the Problem of the Selection of Hypotheses.- V. Probability Logic and the Problem of Confirmation of Hypotheses.- The Basic Forms and Rules of Inference by Analogy.- I. The General Schema of Inferences by Analogy.- II. Traditional Analogy.- III. Causal and Substantial Analogy.- IV. Analogy of Consequence.- IV. Analogy of Correlation.- VI. Functional-Structural and Structural-Functional Analogy.- On the Types of Definition and Their Importance for Science.- I. Preliminary Remarks.- II. Types of Definition.- III. The Problem of Definitions in Formal Systems.- IV. On the Importance of Definitions in Science.- Idealization as a Method of Scientific Knowledge.- I. The Abstraction of Identity.- II. Idealization.- III. Some Methodological Considerations.- The Statistical Interpretation of Fact and the Role of Statistical Methods in the Structure of Empirical Knowledge.- I. The Nature of Empirical Knowledge and the Principle of Verification.- II. The Statistical Nature of the Object and the Structure of the Construction of Empirical Knowledge.- Index of Names.