The Neuroscience of Traumatic Brain Injury

Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects. Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford. Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts. Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books. Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury:I. Setting The Scene and Introductory Chapters1. Traumatic brain injury, and in-hospital mortality: perfusion CT and beyond2. Predictors of outcome in moderate and severe traumatic brain injury3. 30 years post-injury: .Impact of traumatic brain injury on later Alzheimer's disease4. Drug Interventions and Stem Cells in Traumatic Brain Injury: Translation from Experimental Model to Bedside5. Management of Traumatic Brain Injury from The Aspect of Emergency Department and Case Studies6. Neuropsychiatric disorders after severe traumatic brain injury: an overview

II. Clinical Features of Traumatic Brain Injury 7. Cerebral hemorrhages in traumatic brain injury8. Linking fibrinogen, coagulopathy prophylaxis and traumatic brain injury 9. Linking traumatc brain injury and osocomial infections10. Late-life neurodegenerative disorders due to traumatic brain injury: Epidemiology, clinical symptoms and in vivo quantification of neuropathology 11. Evaluating the integrity of white matter after traumatic brain injury and the clinical utility of diffusion tensor imaging 12. Cerebral activation of attention and working memory in traumatic brain injury13. Traumatic brain injury: Linking intracranial pressure, arterial pressure and the pressure reactivity index14. Cerebral perfusion pressure parameters and traumatic brain injury15. Brain swelling in traumatic brain injury16. Severe traumatic brain Injury and post-coma syndrome

III. Diagnosis and Evaluation 17. Features of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 and its applications for traumatic brain injury assessment18. Biomarkers in pediatric traumatic injury: the brain and beyond19. Brain injury biomarkers: Proteins and autoantibodies Interplay20. Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1: features and applications as a biomarker in traumatic brain injury 21. Micro-RNA: features and bio markers in traumatic brain injury: a new narrative22. Pediatric minor head injury imaging23. Traumatic brain injury: Use of transcranial doppler and injury severity24. Computed tomography assessment of brain swelling25. Machine learning and prediction of traumatic brain injury mortality26. Pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury: a focus on screening, diagnosis and treatment

IV. Treatments: Experimental and Clinical 27. European aspects of Guidelines used in traumatic brain injury 28. Anesthesia in traumatic brain injury 29. Treatment of raised intracranial pressure in traumatic head injury30. Seizures after traumatic brain injury and their treatment 31. Neurosurgical treatment of critical brain damage32. Hypertonic saline usage in traumatic brain Injury: a focus on pediatrics33. Treatment of vascular lesions in traumatic head injury34. Airway Pressure Release Ventilation (APRV) in traumatic brain injury 35. Linking death, the paranasal sinuses and traumatic head trauma Treatments: Experimental and Clinical 36. Oral cannabidiol in modulation of mild traumatic brain injury37. Valproic acid: features and effects in traumatic brain injury: a new narrative38. Dietary supplementation for traumatic brain injury

V. Rehabilitation in traumatic brain injury 39. Virtual reality and cognitive rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury 40. How the elderly and young compare in response to traumatic brain injury rehabilitation41. Rehabilitation of social cognition in traumatic brain injury42. Psycho-educational Intevention on caregivers within the rehabilitation process: from the post-acute to the homecoming phases

VI. Resources43. Resources

Cellular, Molecular, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Traumatic Brain Injury:I. Setting The Scene and Introductory Chapters1. Fall-related traumatic brain injuries: The role of the neck 2. The implications of sex and gender in traumatic brain injury3. Concussion and sports injuries the role of repetitive head injury exposure4. Traumatic brain injury and molecular biology: a new narrative5. Features of Decompressive Craniectomy in Traumatic Brain Injury: History, Effects, Management and New Trends6. Management of Traumatic Brain Injury in Accordance With Contemporary Guidelines: Treatment, Monitorization and Thresholds

II. Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Traumatic Brain Injury7. Neuroinflammatory responses in traumatic brain injury8. Seizures in traumatic brain injury: a focus on cellular aspects9. Linking traumatic brain injury, neural stem and progenitor cells 10. The microglia in traumatic brain injury11. Dendritic spine plasticity and traumatic brain injury 12. Immune response and traumatic brain injury13. The adaptive immune system in traumatic brain injury: a focus on T and B lymphocytes14. Regulatory T cells and traumatic brain injury 15. The role of prokineticin 2 in traumatic brain injury16. Na+/K+- ATPase activity and traumatic brain injury17. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex enzymes, metabolic enzymes and energy derangement in traumatic brain injury 18. Angiopoietin-1/Tie-2 and traumatic brain injury 19. Brain microdialysis and applications to drug therapy in severe traumatic brain injury 20. Comparing radiation and traumatic brain injuries: new narrative21. Electrolytes and traumatic brain injury: a focus on sodium22. WNT genes and their role in traumatic brain injury

III. Physiological and Metabolic Effects23. Circuit Reorganization After Diffuse Axonal Injury: Utility of the Whisker Barrel Circuit24. Neuroendocrine Abnormalities Following Traumatic Brain Injury25. Thyroid hormone actions in the setting of traumatic brain injury26. Testosterone: features and role in treating traumatic brain injury27. The rate of empty sella (ES) in traumatic brain injury: links with endocrine profiles28. Traumatic brain injury. Interrelationship with sleep 29. Pubety and traumatic brain injury 30. Role of endocannabinoids in the escalation of alcohol use following traumatic brain injury31. Imaging connectivity and functional brain networks in mild traumatic brain injury32. Multi-shell diffusion MR imaging and brain microstructure after mild traumatic brain injury: A focus on working memory33. Monitoring real-time changes in physiology: impact of pediatric traumatic brain injury34. Blood gasses, arterial and end-tidal carbon dioxide in traumatic brain injury35. Disturbances of cerebral microcirculation in traumatic brain injury: the role of changes in microcirculatory biomarkers

IV. Behavioural and Psychological Effects36. Social cognition in traumatic brain injury37. Physical exercise: effects on cognitive function after traumatic brain injury38. Linking cognitive function, diffuse traumatic brain injury and dementia39. Neuropsychological Functioning of Children and Youth after Traumatic Brain Injury 40. Behavioral effects of traumatic brain injury: use of guanosine41. Recognizing emotions and effects of traumatic brain injury42. Cognitive Communication Connections and Higher-Level Language with Traumatic Brain Injured Population43. Self-awareness after severe traumatic brain injury: from impairment of Self-awareness to psychological adjustment44. Disentangling antecedents from consequences of traumatic brain injury: The need for prospective longitudinal studies45. Linking sleeping patterns and quality of life in childhood traumatic brain injury