Diagnosis, Management and Modeling of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries. Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books. Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects. Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford. Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.

I. Introductory Chapters: Setting the Scene for the Neuroscience of Development 1. The brain and its structures: An overview 2. Neural tube defects: Embryonic origin, clinical features and cell survival equilibrium impact 3. Chemical substances affecting neurodevelopment 4. High-risk babies and Neurodevelopmental outcome 5. Genomic Imprinting and neurodevelopment 6. Insights from model systems: Alcohol, neurodevelopment and zebrafish 7. Early life nutrition and brain development: Maternal iodine nutrition and neurodevelopment 8. Endocrine Aspects of Development. Thyroid hormone actions in neurological processes during brain development

II. Impairments and Diseases 9. Pediatric brain tumors 10. Neurofibromatosis Type 1: From cellular phenotypes to human brain function 11. The role and development of neural crest cells 12. Spina Bifida: A Biopsychosocial Perspective 13. Diabetic ketoacidosis and neurodevelopment 14. Four-dimensional features of fetal brain: Applications to diabetes 15. Prenatally exposed to nicotine and neurodevelopment 16. Maternal methamphetamine and impact on the brain 17. Alcohol, cannabis and brain development 18. The Environmental Pollutant Trichloroethylene Disrupts Key Neural Pathways During Brain Development 19. Developmental neurotoxicity of the herbicide atrazine 20. Neurodevelopmental delays and in utero hyperemesis gravidarum 21. Neurodevelopment and Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy-9 (EIEE9) 22. Neurodevelopment in Turner syndrome 23. Very preterm children and the impact on neurodevelopmental outcomes 24. Linking congenital heart disease and brain functional connectivity in newborns 25. Brain Growth in Congenital Heart Disease from Prenatal Environment to Adulthood 26. Linking dopamine, amphetamine and neurodevelopment 27. Developmental coordination disorder

III. Biomarkers, Screening, Methods and Diagnosis 28. Neurodevelopment and the The Ages and Stages Questionnaire, third edition (ASQ-3) 29. Screening for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in children 30. The Mini-Mental State Pediatric Examination screening tool: Italian perspectives 31. Predictors of neurodevelopment in preterm infants: From the neonatal intensive care unit into adulthood 32. The antenatal fetal neurodevelopmental test: Uses and applications

IV: Management and Treatments 33. Pain, evaluation and management in neurodevelopmental conditions 34. Use of levetiracetam: Features and applications to neonatal seizures 35. Quetiapine treatment in paediatric scenarios 36. Treatments with cannabinoids and brain development 37. Pediatric dystonia and deep brain stimulation 38. Use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurodevelopment: A narrative review 39. Cognitive behavioral therapy in children with anxiety disorders 40. Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorder 41. Nutritional treatment in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder 42. Nurturing the Developing Brain to Reduce Neurological Delay 43. Normalizing perinatal neurological development via intervention

V. Models and Modelling 44. Microplatforms as a Model for Neurological Conditions 45. Disease models in neurodevelopmental disorders 46. Endosulfan and impact on neurodevelopment: Modelling with zebrafish (Danio rerio) 47. Neurodevelopment of the zebrafish spinal serotonin system 48. Inbred mouse model of brain development and intestinal microbiota 49. The myelin mutant taiep rat as a model of developmental disorder 50. The MAM-E17 neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia

VI. Resources 51. Research and recommended resources in the neuroscience of development