Multimodality Imaging (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 7
Contributors 9
1 Introduction to Multimodality Intravascular Imaging 11
References 14
2 Advances in Multi-frequency Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS) 20
Background 20
Ultrahigh-Frequency IVUS Imaging at 80-MHz 23
Introduction 23
Design and Fabrication of 80-MHz IVUS Probe 24
Ex Vivo 80-MHz IVUS Imaging 26
80-MHz Intravascular Photoacoustic Imaging (IVPA) 27
Summary 29
Multi-frequency IVUS Imaging 31
Introduction 31
Design and Fabrication of Multi-frequency Catheter 33
Characterization of Multi-frequency IVUS Imaging System 36
Phantom Imaging and Ex Vivo Human Coronary Artery Imaging 39
Summary 42
Some Advances in High-Frequency IUVS 44
Introduction 44
Development of PIN-PMN-PT 1-3 Composite IVUS Transducer 46
IVUS with Virtual Source Synthetic Aperture Focusing and Coherence Factor Weighting 50
IVUS Imaging with a Modulated Excitation 55
References 57
3 The Integration of IVUS and OCT 65
Introduction 65
IVUS-OCT Fundamentals 66
Ultrasound Sub-system 66
OCT Sub-system 67
Motion Control Unit 68
DAQ and Signal Processing 69
IVUS-OCT Imaging Catheter Design 69
Key Measures 71
Case Study: IVUS-OCT to Detect Vulnerable Plaques 73
Background 73
Technical Advances 74
In Vivo and Ex Vivo Validations 78
Other Studies Related to IVUS-OCT 79
IVUS-OCT for Angioplasty Planning and Follow-Up 79
Tri-modality Imaging System 81
References 82
4 Intravascular Photoacoustic Imaging of Lipid-Laden Plaques: From Fundamental Concept Toward Clinical Translation 88
Introduction 88
Principles of Photoacoustic Imaging 90
Light-to-Sound Conversion 90
Contrast Mechanism and Optical Windows for Lipid Imaging 93
Catheter-Based IVPA/US Imaging System 95
Excitation Laser Source 96
Hybrid Fiber-Optic Rotary Joint 97
IVPA/US Catheter 98
Image Reconstruction 101
Preclinical Validation 101
Human Coronary Atherosclerosis 102
Animal Models 102
Exogenous Contrast Agents 104
Future Development and Potential Clinical Applications 106
References 107
5 Contrast-Enhanced Dual-Frequency Super-Harmonic Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS) Imaging 112
Background 112
Dual-Frequency IVUS Transducer 115
Dual-Frequency Transducer Structure Design 115
Acoustic Filter for Stack Layer Transducers 117
Microwave Analysis of Piezoelectric Transducers 119
Anti-matching Layer for High-Frequency Receiving Wave 123
Passive Amplifier for the Low-Frequency Transmitting Wave 128
Overall Performance of the Acoustic Filter 131
Materials Selection 133
Fabrication 134
Acoustic Characterization 135
Imaging Process 136
Microbubble Response Test 136
Fundamental Frequency Imaging 137
Super-Harmonic Imaging 138
Chorioallantoic Membrane Imaging In Vivo 139
Preliminary Results 140
Prototype and Housing 140
Electrical Characterization 141
Acoustic Characterization 142
Microbubble Response 144
Fundamental Imaging 146
Super-Harmonic Imaging 146
In Vivo Contrast Detection of Microvascular Flow 147
Performance Optimization 149
Optimization Approaches 149
Transmission Output 150
Imaging Results 152
Summary 154
References 155
6 Dual-Modality Fluorescence Lifetime and Intravascular Ultrasound for Label-Free Intravascular Coronary Imaging 159
Introduction 159
Autofluorescence of Atherosclerotic Arteries 160
Origin of Autofluorescence 160
History of Fluorescence Spectroscopy Studies of Atherosclerosis 160
Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Imaging Studies of Atherosclerotic Lesions 161
Challenges for Implementing FLIm in an Intravascular Catheter 164
FLIm-IVUS Catheter System Instrumentation 165
Principle of the High-Speed Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Instrumentation 165
FLIm-IVUS Intravascular Catheter System 166
Methods for Data Processing 168
FLIm-IVUS Imaging of In Vivo Swine Coronary Arteries 169
FLIm-IVUS Imaging of Ex Vivo Human Coronary Arteries 170
Discussion 174
References 174
7 Intravascular Dual-Modality Imaging (NIRF/IVUS, NIRS/IVUS, IVOCT/NIRF, and IVOCT/NIRS) 178
Introduction 178
Principle 179
Methods and Results 181
Integrated IVOCT/NIRS and IVOCT/NIRF Imaging Systems 181
Integrated IVUS/NIRS and IVUS/NIRF Imaging Systems 187
Integrated IVUS and NIRF System 187
In Vivo Animal Study 188
Integrated IVUS and NIRS System 189
Clinical Validation Studies 189
Summary 190
References 191
8 Tri-Modality Intravascular Imaging System 195
Introduction 195
Method 197
Tri-Modality Imaging System Design 197
Tri-Modality Imaging Probe 200
Data Acquisition and Process 202
Experiments 202
Ex Vivo Experiment of the Tri-Modality Imaging System with Cy 5.5 202
Ex Vivo Experiment of the Tri-Modality Imaging System with ICG 204
Summary 207
References 207
9 Acoustic Radiation Force Optical Coherence Elastography 211
Introduction 211
Compressional and Shear Wave Methods Using OCE 214
Doppler OCE 215
Shear Velocity Estimation 216
Quantitative ARF-OCE Using Compressional Wave 219
ARF-OCE for Intravascular Imaging 224
Summary 226
References 227
10 Therapeutic IVUS and Contrast Imaging 231
Scope 231
Introduction and Evolution of IVUS Technology 231
IVUS Transducer Technology Evolution in the Context of Therapeutic and Microbubble Applications 234
Single Element IVUS 234
Phased Array IVUS 236
Capacitive Micromachined Transducers (cMUT) 236
Therapeutic Applications of IVUS 237
Therapeutic Applications of IVUS: Microbubble-Enhanced Drug and Gene Delivery 239
Microbubbles in IVUS Imaging 241
IVUS Specific Applications of Microbubbles for Imaging 244
Molecular Imaging in the IVUS Field 249
Integrated IVUS and Microbubble Generation Devices 250
Integrated Ultrasound and Optical Imaging Devices 252
Conclusions 252
References 253
11 High-Resolution Ultrasound Imaging System 261
Introduction 261
Pulse Generation 263
Receiver Circuitry 265
Termination and Protection 267
Low Noise Amplifier and TGC 267
Analog to Digital Converter 269
Data Process Unit 269
Computer Connection 270
Data Process 271
Digital Filter 271
Envelope Detection 272
Digital Scan Convertor 273
Imaging Evaluation 274
Summary 275
References 276