Therapeutic Use of Medicinal Plants and their Extracts: Volume 2 (eBook)

Prof. Alamgir has been working as a Professor at the Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, for the last 30 years. He teaches plant physiology, biochemistry and pharmacognosy at undergraduate and postgraduate levels.

Preface 9
Contents 11
Abbreviations 17
1 Introduction 26
Abstract 26
1.1 Phytochemistry: Introduction, a Borderline Discipline Between Natural Product Organic Chemistry and Plant Biochemistry 27
1.2 Medicinal Phytochemistry 33
1.3 Bioactive Compounds of Medicinal Plants 35
1.4 Metabolomics and Phytoconstituents 39
1.4.1 Metabolomics of Medicinal Plants 40
1.4.2 Metabolomics as a Tool for Quality Evaluation of Herbal Products 42
1.5 Methods (Techniques) of Phytochemical Investigation and High-Throughput Screening (HTS) for Active Plant Constituents 43
References 46
2 Phytoconstituents—Active and Inert Constituents, Metabolic Pathways, Chemistry and Application of Phytoconstituents, Primary Metabolic Products, and Bioactive Compounds of Primary Metabolic Origin 50
Abstract 50
2.1 Phytoconstituents 51
2.1.1 Active Drug Constituents 51
2.1.2 Inert Nondrug Constituents 53
2.2 Metabolic Pathways and the Origin of Primary and Secondary Metabolites Chemistry of Plant Constituents and Their Application 54
2.2.1 Primary Metabolic Pathways and Primary Metabolites 55
2.2.2 Secondary Metabolic Pathways and Secondary Metabolites 55
2.2.3 Plant’s Defensive or Survival Secondary Metabolites 59
2.2.4 Pollinator Attracting Secondary Metabolites 66
2.2.5 Factors Affecting the Metabolic Pathways of Medicinal Plants 68
2.2.5.1 Light (Visible and UV Radiation) 69
2.2.5.2 Soil Nutrients 70
2.2.5.3 Moisture 70
2.2.5.4 Temperature 71
2.2.5.5 Altitude 71
2.2.5.6 Ozone 71
2.2.5.7 Salt Stress 72
2.2.5.8 Biotic Stress Factors 72
2.3 Chemistry of Plant Constituents, Their Classification and Application 72
2.3.1 Primary Metabolic Products Consisting of C & H
2.3.1.1 Hydrocarbons (C & H) and Derivatives
2.3.1.2 Carbohydrates (C, H & O)
2.3.1.3 Lipids (C, H, O, N, S & P)
2.3.1.4 Plant Organic Acids 142
2.3.1.5 Amino Acids and Proteins (C, H, O, N, S & P)
2.3.1.6 Nucleic Acids (C, H, O, N & P)
2.4 Sources, Chemistry, and Health Effects of the Bioactive Compounds of Primary Metabolic Origin 180
References 182
3 Secondary Metabolites: Secondary Metabolic Products Consisting of C and H C, H, and O
Abstract 190
3.1 Secondary Products Consisting of C, H, and O Elements 192
3.1.1 Terpenes and Terpenoids 192
3.1.1.1 Hemiterpenes 195
3.1.1.2 Monoterpenes 195
3.1.1.3 Sesquiterpenes 198
3.1.1.4 Diterpenes 200
3.1.1.5 Sesterterpenes 203
3.1.1.6 Triterpenes 203
3.1.1.7 Sesquarterpenes 205
3.1.1.8 Tetraterpenes 205
3.1.1.9 Polyterpenes 208
3.1.1.10 Norisoprenoids 209
3.1.2 Steroids and Sterols 210
3.2 Volatile Oils 213
3.3 Miscellaneous Isoprenoids 216
3.3.1 Resins 216
3.4 Phenols and Phenylpropanoids 219
3.4.1 Phenol, Polyphenol, Phenolic Acids and Phenylpropanoids 219
3.5 Alkaloids 227
3.6 Glycosides 267
3.7 Bitter Principles 283
3.8 Resins, Saponins, Cardioactive Drugs and Other Steroids 303
3.9 Antibiotics from Higher Plants 310
3.10 Tumor Inhibitors, Antiprotozoal, Antihepatotoxic, Antihyperglycemic, Antihypertensive, etc., Herbal Products 312
3.11 Sources, Chemistry, and Health Effects of the Bioactive Compounds of Secondary Metabolic Origin Biotechnology of Bioactive Compounds
References 331
4 Bioactive Compounds and Pharmaceutical Excipients Derived from Animals, Marine Organisms, Microorganisms, Minerals, Synthesized Compounds, and Pharmaceutical Drugs 335
Abstract 335
4.1 Bioactive Compounds and Excipients from Animal Sources 335
4.1.1 Carmine 343
4.1.2 Gelatin 345
4.1.3 Glycerol 345
4.1.4 Heparin 346
4.1.5 Insulin 347
4.1.6 Lactose 350
4.1.7 Lanolin 351
4.1.8 Magnesium Stearate 352
4.1.9 Premarin 353
4.1.10 Vaccines 354
4.1.11 Chitosan 357
4.2 Bioactive Compounds and Excipients from Marine Organisms 358
4.2.1 Major Marine Invertebrates and Their Bioactive Compounds 359
4.2.2 Major Marine Vertebrates and Their Bioactive Compounds 367
4.2.3 Bioactive Compounds from Seagrass 372
4.2.4 Bioactive Compounds from Seaweeds 377
4.2.5 Bioactive Compounds from Marine Bacteria 380
4.2.6 Bioactive Compounds from Marine Cyanobacteria 381
4.3 Bioactive Compounds and Pharmaceutical Excipients from Microorganisms 388
4.3.1 Bioactive Compounds from Prokaryotes: Bacteria, Cyanobacteri, and Actinomycetes 389
4.3.2 Bioactive Compounds from Protists: Microalgae (Unicellular Algae) and Protozoa 390
4.4 Bioactive Compounds Obtained from Minerals 397
4.4.1 Kaolin 397
4.4.2 Calomel 398
4.4.3 Iodine 398
4.4.4 Iron 398
4.4.5 Gold 399
4.4.6 Sulfur 399
4.4.7 Aluminum Hydroxide 400
4.4.8 Magnesium Hydroxide 400
4.4.9 Magnesium Trisilicate 401
4.4.10 Magnesium Sulfate 401
4.4.11 Mercurial Salts 402
4.4.12 Zinc and Zinc Oxide 402
4.4.13 Flourine 403
4.4.14 Borax 404
4.4.15 Selenium and Selinium Sulfide 405
4.4.16 Petroleum 405
4.5 Bioactive Sythesized Compounds and Pharmaceutical Drugs 406
References 417
5 Vitamins, Nutraceuticals, Food Additives, Enzymes, Anesthetic Aids, and Cosmetics 431
Abstract 431
5.1 Natural Sources, Classification, Chemistry and Therapeutic Use of Vitamins 432
5.2 Natural Sources, Classification, Chemistry, and Therapeutic Use of Nutraceuticals, Food Additives and Excipients (e.g., Coloring, Flavoring, Emulsifying and Suspending Agents, Diluents, Bulking or Filler Agents, Disintegrants, Sweeteners, Binders, Adhesives, Solidifiers, etc.) 493
5.3 Natural Sources, Classification, Chemistry, and Therapeutic Use of Enzymes and Anesthetic Aids 530
5.4 Natural Sources, Classification, Chemistry, and Therapeutic Use of Cosmeceuticals 541
References 551
6 Poisons, Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Pesticides, and Xenobiotics—Their Sources, Classification, Chemistry, and Metabolism 559
Abstract 559
6.1 Poisons—Their Sources, Classification, Chemistry, Mode of Action, Symptoms of Poisoning Application and Application 560
6.2 Hallucinogens and Teratogens—Their Sources, Classification, Chemistry, Mode of Action and Application 582
6.3 Pesticides—Their Sources, Classification, Chemistry Mode of Action and Application 586
6.4 Xenobiotics—Their Sources, Classification, Chemistry and Metabolism 592
References 606
7 Biotechnology, In Vitro Production of Natural Bioactive Compounds, Herbal Preparation, and Disease Management (Treatment and Prevention) 608
Abstract 608
7.1 Biotechnology and Production of Bioactive Compounds and Techniques of Molecular Biotechnology 609
7.1.1 Techniques of Molecular Biotechnology 611
7.2 Advantages of Tissue Cultures in Production of Useful Bioactive Compounds 622
7.3 Herbal Preparations and Disease Management (Prevention and Treatment) 624
7.3.1 Herbal Extracts and Management of Chronic Diseases 625
7.3.2 Viral Disease Management with the Use of Antiviral Bioactive Phytoconstituents 648
7.4 Natural Immunopotentiators, Vaccine and Biotechnology in Health Care 654
7.4.1 Natural Immunopotentiators and Vaccine Adjuvants from Plants and Other Sources 654
7.5 Biotechnology of Disease Prevention 665
References 686
8 Molecular Pharmacognosy—A New Borderline Discipline Between Molecular Biology and Pharmacognosy 688
Abstract 688
8.1 Concept of Molecular Pharmacognosy and Its Development 689
8.2 Pharmacognosy at the Molecular Level 690
8.3 Development of Species Biology and Molecular Systematics 691
8.4 Molecular Identification of Traditional Medicinal Materials 693
8.5 Basic Methods of Systems Biology 712
8.6 Conservation of Medicinal Plant and Animal Biodiversity and Sustainable Utilization of Crude Drugs Resources 718
8.7 Molecular Breeding Marker in Herbal Drug Technology and New Variety Cultivation 719
8.8 Gene Regulation of Metabolic Pathway and Directional Control of the Quality of Herbal Medicines 723
8.9 Biological Process of the Formation of Secondary Metabolites in Medicinal Plants 725
8.10 Application of Systems Biology in Secondary Metabolites Study 726
8.11 Use of Genetic Engineering and Tissue Culture Technique for the Production of Active Ingredients 728
8.12 Genetic Engineering and Green Pollution-Free Medicinal Plant 730
8.13 Metabolomics of Medicinal Plants: Genomics, Proteomics, and Metabolomics 730
8.14 The Goal of Molecular Pharmacognosy 731
References 732
9 Methods of Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Plant Constituents 744
Abstract 744
9.1 Extraction of Plant Constituents 746
9.2 Phytochemical Screening of Secondary Metabolites 748
9.3 Separation of Plant Constituents 754
9.3.1 Separation Techniques 754
9.4 Isolation and Characterization of Drug Principles from Plant and Other Natural Sources 766
9.5 Bioassay Techniques 768
9.6 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Secondary Metabolites 808
9.6.1 Qualitative Analysis of Secondary Metabolites 808
9.6.2 Quantification of Phytochemicals in Crude Extract of Medicinal Plants 815
9.6.2.1 Quantitative Estimation of Alkaloids (Alkaloidal Assays) 815
9.6.3 Spectrophotometric Method of Determination of Total Phenolic Content 817
9.6.4 Spectrophotometric Method of Determination of Tannins 818
9.6.5 Spectrophotometric method Determination of total Flavonoids 818
9.7 Molecular Biology: PCR-Based DNA Technology 819
References 826
Index 828