Chemical Changes in Food during Processing

1 Chemical Changes in Food During Processing—An Overview.- Food Processing in Perspective.- Chemical Changes during Processing.- Means of Controlling Chemical Reactions in Foods during Processing and Handling.- Conclusion.- References.- 2 Chemistry of Reactive Oxygen Species.- Reactive Species.- Photosensitized Oxidations.- Methods of Characterizing Reactive Intermediates.- Summary.- References.- 3 Metal-Catalyzed Reactions of Organic Compounds.- Ionic Reactions Promoted by Metal Ions.- Metal-Catalyzed Oxidation of Organic Compounds.- References.- 4 Free Radical Chemistry of Natural Products.- Peroxyl Radicals.- Alkoxyl Radicals.- Superoxide and Hydroperoxyl Radicals.- Hydroxyl Radical.- Other Radicals.- References.- 5 Mechanism of Fatty Acid and Phospholipid Autoxidation.- References.- 6 Thermal and Radiolytic Decomposition of Lipids.- Extent of Decomposition.- Radiolytic Reactions.- Thermolytic Reactions.- Thermal Oxidative Reactions.- Comparison of Product Patterns.- References.- 7 Antioxidants.- Experimental Techniques.- Generation of Peroxy Radicals.- Generation of Oxidizing Radicals.- Reactions of Peroxy and Oxidizing Radicals with Antioxidants.- Reactivities of Peroxy Radicals.- Reactivities of Antioxidants.- Spectral Properties.- Structure-Reactivity Relationships for Antioxidants.- Conclusions.- References.- 8 Mechanisms of Oxidoreductases Important in Food Component Modification.- Polyphenol Oxidase.- Lipoxygenase.- Peroxidase and Catalase.- Xanthine Oxidase, Xanthine Dehydrogenase, and Aldehyde Oxidase.- Glucose Oxidase.- Alcohol Dehydrogenase and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase.- References.- 9 Oxidation of Lipids in Biological Tissue and Its Significance.- The Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Cascade.- Formation of Hydroperoxides.- Peroxy Radical Model for Prostaglandin Formation.- Potential Chemical Models for Biochemical Conversion of Hydroperoxides.- Significance of the Cascade.- References.- 10 Oxidation-Induced Changes in Foods.- Lipid Oxidation in Processed Peanuts.- Quality of Frying Fats for Fast Food Services.- Oxidative Cross-Linking of Polyphenolics in Rice.- References.- 11 Controlling Acyl Transfer Reactions of Hydrolases to Alter Food Constituents.- Acyl Transfer.- Lipases.- Thiol Proteinases.- Acid Proteinases.- Conclusions.- References.- 12 Chemical Reactions of Proteins.- General Chemistry of Reactions.- Some Typical Reactions.- Some Deteriorative Reactions of Practical Importance.- Possible Unhealthful Deteriorative Products.- References.- 13 Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Nonenzymatic Browning (The Maillard Reaction).- Sugar-Amine Interactions.- Maillard Polymer Formation.- References.- 14 Principal Changes in Starches During Food Processing.- Gelatinization.- Degradation.- Retrogradation.- Bread Staling.- References.- 15 Chemical Changes in Flavor Components During Processing.- Enzymatically and/or Microbially Produced Compounds.- Thermal Changes.- References.- 16 Changes in Pectin and Cellulose During Processing.- Cell Wall Structure.- Sugar Composition, Size, and Shape of Pectin Molecules.- Pectin Methylation.- Pectin Ionization and Ion Binding.- Pectin Structure in Cell Walls.- Recent Studies of Pectic Enzymes.- Role of Pectin in Fruit and Vegetable Texture.- Cellulose Structure and Function.- References.- 17 Chemical Changes of Vitamins During Food Processing.- Vitamin Degradation Reactions.- Conversion to Products Exhibiting Reduced Biological Activity.- Processing Effects on Vitamin Bioavailability.- Conclusions.- References.- 18 Chemical Changes in Natural Food Pigments.- Carotenoids.- Chlorophyll.- Heme Pigments.- Anthocyanins.- Betalains.- References.- 19 Environmental Effects on Protein Quality.- Influence of Heat on Proteins.- Nonenzymatic Browning.- Photooxidation Reactions of Proteins.- Interaction of Protein with Oxidizing Lipids.- Influence of Alkaline Conditions on Protein.- Conclusions.- References.- 20 Environmental Effects on Chemical Changes in Foods.- Environmental Effects on Rates of Chemical Reaction.- Optimization of Food Processes on the Basis of Kinetic Models Relating Process Variable to Chemical Changes.- References.