Systems for Drug Delivery (eBook)

Saurabh Bhatia, PhD, is currently working as an Assistant Professor at the School of Medical and Allied sciences, GD Goenka University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India. He has several years of academic experience, teaching such specialized subjects as Natural product science, nanotechnology, biotechnology, parasitology, polymeric sciences, biomaterials. He has promoted several marine algae and their derived polymers throughout India. He has written more than 30 international publications in these areas and has been an active participant of more than 35 national and international conferences. So far he has successfully finished nine books in pharma and its allied sciences. His published books include Modern Applications of Plant Biotechnology in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academic press, Elsevier, 2015; Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery: Fundamentals, Design, and Applications, Apple Academic Press 2016; Leishmaniasis: Biology, Control and New Approaches for Its Treatment, Apple Academic Press 2016; Natural polymer drug delivery systems: Nanoparticles, plants and algae, Springer, 2016, Natural polymer drug delivery systems: Nanoparticles, Mammals and microbes, Springer, 2016. Dr. Bhatia has graduated from Kurushetra University followed by M Pharm from Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, India. He has received his PhD degree from Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.

Author Bio 5
Contents 6
Chapter 1: Mammalian Polysaccharides and Its Nanomaterials 11
1.1 Introduction 11
1.1.1 Polysaccharide-Based Nanoparticles 12
1.2 Hydrophobically Modified Hyaluronic Acid 12
1.3 Chemically Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Semi-IPN 14
1.4 Photopolymerized Hyaluronic Acid IPNS 16
1.5 Hydrophobically Modified Hyaluronic Acid 16
1.6 Hydrophobically Modified Heparin 17
1.7 Chondroitin Sulfate, Heparin and Hyaluronic Acid: pH/Ion-Responsive Networks 17
1.8 Chondroitin Sulfate and Hyaluronic Acid: Electrical Field-Responsive Network 18
1.8.1 Chondroitin Sulfate and Hyaluronic Acid 18
1.9 Heparin & Hyaluronic Acid: Anti-adhesive Surfaces
1.9.1 Hyaluronic Acid 19
1.9.2 Heparin 19
1.10 Hyaluronic Acid and Chondroitin Sulfate (Polysaccharides of Human Origin): Biodegradable Polymers as Biomaterials 20
1.10.1 Hyaluronic Acid 20
1.10.2 Chondroitin Sulfate 22
1.11 Natural–Origin Polymers as Carriers and Scaffolds for Biomolecules and Cell Delivery in Tissue Engineering Applications 23
1.11.1 Hyaluronan 23
1.11.2 Chondroitin Sulphate 24
1.12 Rationale for the Use of HA in Drug Delivery 25
1.13 Chondroitin Sulfate-Based Nanocarriers for Drug/Gene Delivery 27
1.14 Chondroitin Sulphate: Colon-Specific Drug Delivery 29
1.15 Hyaluronan and Its Medical and Esthetic Applications 30
1.15.1 Aging and Hyaluronan 31
1.16 Polysaccharides Based Composites 31
1.16.1 Heparin-Based Composites 31
1.16.2 Hyaluronan-Based Composites 32
References 33
Chapter 2: Microbial Polysaccharides as Advance Nanomaterials 38
2.1 Introduction 38
2.2 Microbial Polysaccharides: General Applications 42
2.3 Microbial Polysaccharides Production 43
2.4 Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides 43
2.5 Polysaccharides Recovery 43
2.6 Microbial Polysaccharides vs Plant Polysaccharides 43
2.7 Microbial Polysaccharides: General Features 44
2.7.1 Xanthan 44
2.7.1.1 Microwave Irradiation in the Grafting Modification of the Xanthan Gum 45
2.7.2 Dextrans 45
2.7.2.1 Hydrophobically Modified Dextran 47
2.7.2.2 Dextrans: Colon-Specific Drug Delivery 48
2.7.2.3 Cationization of Dextrans 48
2.7.3 Bacterial Alginate 50
2.7.4 Scleroglucan 51
2.7.5 Gellan 52
2.7.6 Pullulan 52
2.7.6.1 Cationic Modified Pullulan 55
2.7.6.2 Cholesterol-Bearing Pullulans 56
2.7.7 Curdlan 56
2.7.8 Levan Polysaccharides 57
2.7.9 Bacterial Polysaccharides 57
2.7.10 Gellan, Guar and Xanthan Gums 58
References 60
Chapter 3: Chitosan Based Nanomaterials and Its Applications 64
3.1 Introduction 64
3.2 Chitin 65
3.3 Chitosan and Chitooligosaccharides 65
3.4 Chitin Nanoparticles 66
3.5 Chitosan Nanoparticles 67
3.6 Chitooligosaccharide Nanoparticles 70
3.7 Chitosan Applications 71
3.7.1 Thermosensitive Gels 71
3.7.2 Chitosan Nanoparticles and Gene Therapy: Chitosan-­DNA Conjugated 71
3.7.3 Chitosan in Gene Therapy: Bio-Conjugated Nano Applications 74
3.7.4 Chitosan Based Amino Acid Polymer Conjugate 78
3.7.5 Chitosan Based Quantum Dots 78
3.7.6 Chitosan Based Ceramic Glass Nanoparticles 78
3.7.7 Chitosan Based Metallic Nanoparticles 78
3.7.8 Chitosan Based Cationic-Cationic Polymer: Macromolecule Grafted NPs 80
3.7.9 Chitosan Based Functionalized Nanoparticles 80
3.7.10 Chitosan Based Self Assembled/Amphiphilic NPs 81
3.7.11 Chitosan Based Coacervative Nanoparticles 82
3.7.12 Chemically Modified Chitosan NPs 83
3.7.13 Chitosan Based NPs for Poorly Soluble Drug 83
3.7.14 Chitosan Based Quaternized Nanoparticles 85
3.7.15 Chitosan Based PEGyalated Nanoparticles 86
3.7.16 Chitosan Based Glycosylated Nanoparticles 86
3.7.17 Chitosan Based Nanoparticles 87
3.7.18 Fluorescent Nanoparticles (C Dots or Core-Shell Silica Nanoparticles) 89
3.7.19 Crosslinked Chitosan Polymers Based NPs 89
3.7.20 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNPs) 91
3.7.21 Synthetic Nanoparticle: Chitosan B-Cyclodextrin NPs 91
3.7.22 Lecithin Polymer Conjugates 92
3.7.23 Glycosylated Chitosan Based NPs 93
3.7.24 Galactosylated Chitosan Based NPs 93
3.7.25 Phytochemicals Based Chitosan Nanoparticles 93
3.7.26 Glycosylated Chitosan Nanoparticles: siRNA Chitosan Conjugate 93
3.7.27 Chitosan Based Microencapsulated NPs 94
3.7.28 Chitosan Based Monodisperse Nanoparticles 95
3.7.29 Improved Stable Conjugates 96
3.7.30 Chitosan Based Coreshell Nanoparticles 96
3.7.31 Chitosan Based Surface Modified Nanoparticles 97
3.7.32 Lipid Nanoparticles: Large Molecule Carrier Nanoparticle 97
3.7.33 Chitosan Based Controlled Release Nanoparticles 97
3.7.34 Chitosan Based Bioadhesive Nanoparticles 98
3.8 Targeted Applications 98
3.8.1 Chitosan Bio-Targeted Applications 100
3.8.1.1 Ocular Delivery 100
3.8.1.2 Liver 100
3.8.1.3 Cancer and Tumour 101
3.8.1.4 Brain 102
3.8.1.5 Imaging 102
3.8.1.6 GIT 102
3.8.1.7 Lungs 103
3.9 Miscellaneous Applications 103
3.9.1 Food Industry 103
3.9.2 Immobilization 106
3.9.3 Chitosan as a Drug 106
References 106
Chapter 4: Advance Polymers and Its Applications 127
4.1 Introduction 127
4.2 Polymers and Their Physically Crosslinked Hydrogels by Freeze–Thaw Technique 129
4.3 Smart Polymers: Controlled Delivery of Drugs 130
4.4 Auto-Associative Amphiphilic Polysaccharides as Drug Delivery Systems 132
4.5 Supramolecular Hydrogels: Potential Mode of Drug Delivery 135
4.6 “Click” Reactions in Polysaccharide Modification 136
4.7 Star Polymers: Advances in Biomedical Applications 138
4.8 Ordered Polysaccharides: Stable Drug Carriers 139
4.9 Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Polysaccharide Hydrogels for Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering 142
4.10 Polysaccharide-Based Antibiofilm Surfaces 143
4.11 Polymers, and Their Complexes Used as Stabilizers for Emulsions 147
References 148
Chapter 5: Advanced Application of Natural Polysaccharides 155
5.1 Introduction 155
5.2 Biodegradable Polymers as Bio-Materials 156
5.2.1 Biodegradable Polymers 158
5.2.2 Hydrolytically Degradable Polymers as Biomaterials 159
5.3 Natural Polysaccharides as Carriers and Scaffolds FOR Biomolecules and Cell Delivery in Tissue Engineering Applications 159
5.4 Natural and Synthetic Polysaccharides for Wounds and Burns Dressing 162
5.5 Present Research on the Blends of Natural and Synthetic Polymers as New Biomaterials 163
5.6 Applications of Synthetic Polymers in Clinical Medicine 165
5.7 Current Progress on Gelatin NPS in Drug and Vaccine Delivery 166
5.7.1 Drawbacks and Challenges 166
5.8 Current advancement of Chitosan-Based Polyelectrolyte Complexes with Natural Polysaccharides for Drug Delivery 167
5.9 Relevance of Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives as Biomaterials 168
5.10 Hyaluronic Acid for Anticancer Drug and Nucleic Acid Delivery 169
5.11 Chondroitin Sulfate-Based Nanocarriers for Drug/Gene Delivery 172
5.12 Nanoengineering of Vaccines Using Natural Polysaccharides 173
References 175
Chapter 6: Modern Polysaccharides and Its Current Advancements 179
6.1 Introduction 179
6.2 Polysaccharide Colloidal Particles Delivery Systems 180
6.3 Polysaccharides Scaffolds: for Bone Regeneration 180
6.4 Polysaccharides-Based Nanodelivery Systems 181
6.5 Polysaccharides and Its Recent Advances In Delivering 183
6.6 Unexplored Potentials of Polysaccharide Composites 184
6.7 Use of Microwave Irradiation in the Grafting Modification of the Polysaccharides 185
6.8 Cationization of Polysaccharides for Promoting Greener Derivatives with Many Commercial Applications 187
6.9 What Could Be Greener Than Composites Made from Polysaccharides? 188
6.10 The Use of Mucoadhesive Polymers in Buccal Drug Delivery 188
6.10.1 New Generation of Mucoadhesive Polymers 189
6.10.2 Thiolated Mucoadhesive Polymers 189
6.10.3 Target-Specific, Lectin-Mediated Bioadhesive Polymers 189
6.10.4 Mucoadhesive Polssacharides in the Design of Nano-­Drug Delivery Systems for Non-Parenteral Administration 190
6.11 Polysaccharide Based Gene Transfection Agents 191
6.12 Polymeric Micro/Nanoparticles: Particle Design and Potential Vaccine Delivery Applications 192
References 193
Chapter 7: Toxicity of Nanodrug Delivery Systems 197
7.1 Introduction 197
7.2 Nanotoxicology 198
7.3 In Vitro and In Vivo Tests to Assess Oral Nanocarriers Toxicity 201
7.4 Toxicity of Nanocarriers for Oral Delivery 202
References 204