Natural Polymer Drug Delivery Systems (eBook)

Saurabh Bhatia, PhD, is currently working as an Assistant Professor at the School of Medical and Allied sciences, GD Goenka University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India. He has several years of academic experience, teaching such specialized subjects as Natural product science, nanotechnology, biotechnology, parasitology, polymeric sciences, biomaterials. He has promoted several marine algae and their derived polymers throughout India. He has written more than 30 international publications in these areas and has been an active participant of more than 35 national and international conferences. So far he has successfully finished nine books in pharma and its allied sciences. His published books include Modern Applications of Plant Biotechnology in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academic press, Elsevier, 2015; Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery: Fundamentals, Design, and Applications, Apple Academic Press 2016; Leishmaniasis: Biology, Control and New Approaches for Its Treatment, Apple Academic Press 2016; Natural polymer drug delivery systems: Nanoparticles, plants and algae, Springer, 2016, Natural polymer drug delivery systems: Nanoparticles, Mammals and microbes, Springer, 2016. Dr. Bhatia has graduated from Kurushetra University followed by M Pharm from Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, India. He has received his PhD degree from Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.

Author Bio 6
Contents 8
Chapter 1: Nanotechnology and Its Drug Delivery Applications 12
1.1 Introduction 12
1.2 Historical Prospects of Nanotechnology 13
1.3 Promising Role in Drug Delivery 14
1.3.1 Nanoparticles and Drug Delivery 19
1.3.2 Use of NPs Formulation in Drug Delivery 20
1.3.3 Cellular and Intracellular Targets 22
1.3.4 The Brain—The Ultimate Target for Drug Delivery 23
1.4 Innovations in Nanotechnology 25
1.5 Nanotechnology Theory to Applications 27
1.6 Nanomedicine/Nanoscience/Nano-Engineering and Relationship with Drug Delivery 30
1.6.1 Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery 30
1.6.1.1 Advantages of Nanoparticles for Nanomedicine 31
1.6.1.2 Challenges 31
1.6.2 Nanoengineering and Drug Delivery 32
1.7 Types of Nanodelivery: Natural or Synthetic 34
1.7.1 Synthetic Polymers 34
1.7.2 Natural Polymers 34
1.8 Natural and Synthetic Polymeric Nanoparticles 35
References 38
Chapter 2: Nanoparticles Types, Classification, Characterization, Fabrication Methods and Drug Delivery Applications 44
2.1 Introduction 45
2.2 Classification of Nanoparticles 51
2.3 Characterization of Nanoparticles 51
2.3.1 Particle Size 51
2.3.1.1 Photon-Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS) or Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) 52
2.3.1.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 53
2.3.1.3 Transmission Electron Microscope 53
2.3.1.4 Atomic Force Microscopy 54
2.3.2 Surface Charge 54
2.3.3 Surface Hydrophobicity 55
2.3.4 Drug Release 55
2.4 Preparation of Nanoparticles 55
2.4.1 Solvent Evaporation Method 56
2.4.2 Spontaneous Emulsification or Solvent Diffusion Method 57
2.4.3 Double Emulsion and Evaporation Method 57
2.4.4 Salting Out Method 57
2.4.4.1 Advantages 58
2.4.4.2 Disadvantages 58
2.4.5 Emulsions-Diffusion Method 58
2.4.5.1 Disadvantages 58
2.4.6 Solvent Displacement/Precipitation Method 59
2.4.7 Coacervation or Ionic Gelation Method 59
2.4.8 Polymerization Method 60
2.4.9 Production of Nanoparticles Using Supercritical Fluid Technology 60
2.5 Most Favorable Requirements for Designing Therapeutic Nanoparticles 61
2.6 Types of Pharmaceutical Nanosystems 62
2.6.1 Carbon Based Structures 62
2.6.1.1 Applications 63
2.6.2 Fullerenes 64
2.6.2.1 Applications 64
2.6.2.2 Toxicity 65
2.6.3 Quantum Dots 65
2.6.3.1 Applications 66
2.6.3.2 Toxicity 67
2.6.4 Nanoshells 67
2.6.4.1 Applications 67
2.6.5 Nanobubbles 68
2.6.5.1 Applications 68
• Toxicity 69
2.6.6 Paramagnetic Nanoparticles 69
2.6.6.1 Applications 69
2.6.7 Nanosomes 70
2.6.8 Pharmacyte 70
2.6.8.1 Niosome 71
2.6.9 Dendrimers 71
2.6.9.1 Applications 72
2.6.9.2 Toxicity 74
2.6.10 Nanopores 75
2.6.10.1 Application 75
2.6.11 Microbivores 75
2.6.11.1 Application 75
2.6.12 Nanocrystals and Nanosuspension 76
2.6.12.1 Applications 76
2.6.12.2 Toxicity 76
2.6.13 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 76
2.6.13.1 Applications 77
2.6.14 Silicon-Based Structures 77
2.6.14.1 Applications 77
2.6.15 Metallic Nanoparticles 78
2.6.15.1 Applications 78
2.6.16 Liposomes 78
2.6.16.1 Applications 79
2.6.17 Polymeric Micelles 79
2.6.18 Polymer Drug Conjugate 80
2.6.19 Polyplexes/Lipopolyplexes 80
2.6.20 Respirocytes 80
2.6.21 Polymeric Nanoparticles 81
2.6.22 Applications of Nanoparticulate Delivery Systems 83
2.6.23 Passive Targeting 84
2.6.24 Active Targeting 84
2.6.25 Tumor Targeting Using Nanoparticulate Delivery Systems 86
2.6.26 Long-Circulating and Target-Specific Nanoparticles 87
2.6.27 Nanoparticles for Oral Delivery of Peptides and Proteins 89
2.6.28 Nanoparticles for Gene Delivery 90
2.6.29 Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery into the Brain 91
2.6.30 Anthrax Vaccine Uses Nanoparticles to Produce Immunity 92
2.6.31 Stem Cell Therapy 92
2.6.32 Gold Nanoparticles Detect Cancer 93
2.6.32.1 AuNPs in Cancer Therapy 94
2.6.32.1.1 AuNPs as Delivery Systems 94
2.6.32.2 Toxicity of AuNPs 95
2.7 Hazards and Toxicity Profile of Nanoparticles 95
2.7.1 Health Implication of Nanoparticles 95
References 97
Chapter 3: Natural Polymers vs Synthetic Polymer 105
3.1 Bioengineered Materials: Nano-Engines of Drug Delivery Systems 105
3.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles 106
3.3 Contemporary Methodologies for Fabrication of Polymeric Nanoparticles 107
3.4 Activation-Modulated Drug Delivery: Environmental Activation/Stimuli Responsive Smart Delivery System 108
3.5 Time to Move on Innovative Methods of Administration 110
3.6 History of Drug Delivery from the Ancient to Date 112
3.6.1 Historical Role of Polymers as Plastics 115
3.7 Shift from Nature to Synthetic (Including the Merits and Demerits of Synthetic Polymers) 116
3.7.1 Natural Polymers and Synthetic Polymers for Scaffolds 119
3.7.2 Natural vs Synthetic Polymer (as Biomaterial) 120
3.7.3 Natural vs Synthetic Polymer in Tissue Engineering 122
3.7.4 Natural vs Synthetic Polymer Hydrogels 123
3.8 Natural Polymers (Reasons for Reverting to Nature) 124
3.8.1 Need of Natural Polymers 125
3.8.2 Disadvantages of Herbal Polymers 126
References 126
Chapter 4: Plant Derived Polymers, Properties, Modification & Applications
4.1 Introduction 129
4.2 Sources of Plant Polymers 131
4.3 Methods of Extractions 134
4.3.1 Cold Extraction 134
4.3.2 Hot Extraction [Mild Acidic (EHA), Alkaline (EHB) and Radical Hydrolysis (EHR)] 135
4.3.3 Radical Hydrolysis (EHR) 135
4.3.4 Microwave Assisted Extraction (EM) 135
4.3.5 Ultrasonic Extraction (EU) 136
4.3.6 Enzymatic Hydrolysis (EE) 136
4.4 Chemical Composition Analysis 136
4.5 Physical Properties 136
4.5.1 Determination of Gelling Strength (GS) 136
4.5.2 Determination of Gelling Temperature (GT) and Melting Temperature (MT) 136
4.5.3 Viscosity Measurement (VS) 137
4.5.4 Molecular Mass Determination (MM) 137
4.6 Physical-Chemical Modification of Plant Based Natural Polymers (PBNPS) 137
4.6.1 Chemical Modifications of Plant Based Natural Polymers (PBNPS) 138
4.6.1.1 Noncovalent Surface Chemical Modifications of Plant Based Natural Polymers (PBNPS) 138
4.6.1.2 Tempo-Mediated Oxidation 139
4.6.1.3 Cationization of Plant Based Natural Polymers 141
4.6.1.4 Esterification, Silylation and Other Surface Chemical Modifications of Plant Based Natural Polymers 141
4.6.1.5 Carboxymethylation and Acetylation 142
4.6.1.6 Polymer Grafting of Plant Based Natural Polymers 143
4.6.2 Procedure for the Development of Microfibrillated Plant Based Polymers (MPBPS) by Physical Modification 144
4.6.2.1 Mechanical Treatments 145
Homogenizer and Microfluidizer 145
Grinding Process 146
Cryocrushing 147
Electrospinning 147
Energy Consumption and New Processes 147
4.6.3 Pre-treatment 148
4.6.3.1 Enzymatic Pre-treatment 148
4.6.4 Post-treatments 149
4.6.5 Dual Modifications 150
4.6.6 Ozonation 152
4.7 Genetic/Biotechnology Modification 153
4.8 Applications of Plant Based Polysaccharides 154
4.8.1 Cellulose 154
4.8.2 Hemicellulose 162
4.8.2.1 Arabinoxylans 162
4.8.2.2 Glucomannans 162
4.8.3 Starches 163
4.8.4 Pectin 164
4.8.5 Inulin 165
4.8.6 Rosin 166
4.8.7 Plant Based Gums 167
4.8.7.1 Gum Arabic 167
4.8.7.2 Tragacanth Gum 168
4.8.7.3 Mucilage Gums 168
4.8.7.4 Locust Bean Gum 169
4.8.7.5 Guar Gum 169
4.8.7.6 Grewia Gum 170
4.8.7.7 Okra Gum 171
4.8.7.8 Kyaha Gum 172
4.8.7.9 Moringaoleifer Gum 172
4.8.7.10 Irvingiagabonensis 172
4.8.7.11 Hakeagibbosa Gum 173
4.8.7.12 Psyllium Mucilage 173
4.8.7.13 Miscellaneous Gums and Mucilage 174
References 174
Chapter 5: Marine Polysaccharides Based Nano-Materials and Its Applications 195
5.1 Introduction 195
5.2 Polysaccharides Derived from Marine Sources 196
5.2.1 Marine Algae Based Polysaccharides 202
5.2.2 Marine Crustaceans Derived Polysaccharides 204
5.2.2.1 Chitin 204
5.2.2.2 Chitosan and Chitooligosaccharides 204
5.2.2.3 Marine Microorganisms 204
5.3 Nanomaterials Derived from Marine Sources 205
5.3.1 Nano Scaffolds Derived from Fucoidan 205
5.3.2 Alginate Nanoparticles 207
5.3.3 Carrageenan Based Nanoparticles 209
5.3.4 Agarose Nanoparticles 212
5.3.5 Porphyran Based Nanoparticles 213
5.3.6 Nanofibers of Ulvan 215
5.3.7 Mauran Based Nanoparticles 215
5.3.8 Chitin and Its Nanoparticles 216
5.3.9 Chitosan Based Nanoparticles 216
5.3.10 Chitooligosaccharide Based Nanoparticles 220
5.4 Marine Polysaccharide-Based Nanomaterials and Its Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications 220
5.4.1 Biomedical Applications of Marine Polysaccharides 221
5.4.1.1 Antimicrobial Activity 221
5.4.1.2 Marine Based Nanomaterials and Its Drug Delivery Applications 221
5.4.1.3 Genetic Transformation 222
5.4.1.4 Algal Polymers and Its Applications in Tissue Engineering 223
5.4.1.5 For Delivery of Anticancer Drugs 223
5.4.1.6 Treatment of Infection and Wounds 224
5.4.2 Role of Marine Based Polysaccharides for Biotechnological Applications 224
5.4.2.1 Biosensor Technology 224
5.4.2.2 Waste Water Management 225
5.5 Marine Polysaccharide-Based Nanomaterials and Its Patents 225
References 226