Plant Evolutionary Biology

1 An overview of evolutionary biology.- 1 Essays in comparative evolution. The need for evolutionary comparisons.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 The biological universals that govern evolution.- 1.3 The most significant kinds of comparisons.- 1.4 Summary and conclusions.- 1.5 References.- 2 Molecular evolution and species phylogeny.- 2 Evolution and variation in plant chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Tempos and modes of organelle evolution.- 2.3 Intraspecific diversity of organelle genomes.- 2.4 Mechanics and quantitative theory for sequence diversityand evolution in organelles.- 2.5 Acknowledgements.- 2.6 References.- 3 Organization and evolution of sequences in the plant nuclear genome.- 3.1 DNA content in plants.- 3.2 Sequence organization in the nucleus.- 3.3 Mechanisms of repeated DNA evolution.- 3.4 Coding sequences.- 3.5 Gene families.- 3.6 Concluding remarks.- 3.7 References.- 4 Onagraceae as a model of plant evolution.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Relationships with other families.- 4.3 Age and distinctiveness of Onagraceae.- 4.4 Patterns of relationship in Onagraceae.- 4.5 Geographical distributions and history.- 4.6 Reproductive biology.- 4.7 Chromosomal evolution.- 4.8 Patterns of evolution in Onagraceae.- 4.9 References.- 5 Phylogenetic aspects of the evolution of self-pollination.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Phylogenetic reconstruction in Arenaria.- 5.3 Phylogenetic studies in other groups.- 5.4 General considerations.- 5.5 Conclusion.- 5.6 Acknowledgements.- 5.7 References.- 6 Evolution of mating systems in cultivated plants.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Intensified inbreeding in naturally self-pollinated species.- 6.3 Switch from self-incompatibility to self-compatibility.- 6.4 Changes in monoecious species.- 6.5 Conversion of selfing species to allogamy.- 6.6 Other crop groups.- 6.7 Rates of change.- 6.8 Conclusions.- 6.9 References.- Editors' commentary on Part 2.- 3 Development and evolution.- 7 Ontogeny and phylogeny: phytohormones as indicators of labile changes.- 7.1 The problem: could ontogeny constrain the evolution of form?.- 7.2 Phytohormone changes as convenient models.- 7.3 Discussion: generalizations concerning the evolution of form.- 7.4 The need for the study of comparative morphogenesis.- 7.5 References.- Editors' commentary on Part 3.- 4 Adaptation: two perspectives.- 8 Biophysical limitations on plant form and evolution.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Basic requirements.- 8.3 Long-term trends in plant evolution.- 8.4 Adaptation and Ganong's principle.- 8.5 References.- 9 Evolution and adaptation in Encelia (Asteraceae).- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Adaptation to environment.- 9.3 Encelia: a model system for the study of adaptation.- 9.4 Evolution of adaptations within the genus.- 9.5 References.- Editors' commentary on Part 4.- 5 Genetics and ecology of populations.- 10 Natural selection of flower color polymorphisms in morning glory populations.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 The evolution of the mating modifier genes.- 10.3 Operational definition of a population.- 10.4 Mating system estimation.- 10.5 Conclusions.- 10.6 Acknowledgements.- 10.7 References.- 11 Genetic variation and environmental variation: expectations and experiments.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 A straw-man.- 11.3 Towards word-models.- 11.4 The concept of the environment.- 11.5 Away from word-models.- 11.6 An experiment.- 11.7 Integration.- 11.8 Acknowledgements.- 11.9 References.- 12 Local differentiation and the breeding structure of plant populations.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Breeding structure of populations.- 12.3 Random differentiation in continuous populations.- 12.4 Random differentiation in discontinuous populations.- 12.5 Inferences about migration rates from genetic structure.- 12.6 Gene flow and selective differentiation.- 12.7 The spread of advantageous genes.- 12.8 Conclusions.- 12.9 References.- Editors' commentary on Part 5.- 6 Life histories in a community context.- 13 Vegetational mosaics, plant-1 An overview of evolutionary biology.- 1 Essays in comparative evolution. The need for evolutionary comparisons.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 The biological universals that govern evolution.- 1.3 The most significant kinds of comparisons.- 1.4 Summary and conclusions.- 1.5 References.- 2 Molecular evolution and species phylogeny.- 2 Evolution and variation in plant chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Tempos and modes of organelle evolution.- 2.3 Intraspecific diversity of organelle genomes.- 2.4 Mechanics and quantitative theory for sequence diversityand evolution in organelles.- 2.5 Acknowledgements.- 2.6 References.- 3 Organization and evolution of sequences in the plant nuclear genome.- 3.1 DNA content in plants.- 3.2 Sequence organization in the nucleus.- 3.3 Mechanisms of repeated DNA evolution.- 3.4 Coding sequences.- 3.5 Gene families.- 3.6 Concluding remarks.- 3.7 References.- 4 Onagraceae as a model of plant evolution.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Relationships with other families.- 4.3 Age and distinctiveness of Onagraceae.- 4.4 Patterns of relationship in Onagraceae.- 4.5 Geographical distributions and history.- 4.6 Reproductive biology.- 4.7 Chromosomal evolution.- 4.8 Patterns of evolution in Onagraceae.- 4.9 References.- 5 Phylogenetic aspects of the evolution of self-pollination.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Phylogenetic reconstruction in Arenaria.- 5.3 Phylogenetic studies in other groups.- 5.4 General considerations.- 5.5 Conclusion.- 5.6 Acknowledgements.- 5.7 References.- 6 Evolution of mating systems in cultivated plants.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Intensified inbreeding in naturally self-pollinated species.- 6.3 Switch from self-incompatibility to self-compatibility.- 6.4 Changes in monoecious species.- 6.5 Conversion of selfing species to allogamy.- 6.6 Other crop groups.- 6.7 Rates of change.- 6.8 Conclusions.- 6.9 References.- Editors' commentary on Part 2.- 3 Development and evolution.- 7 Ontogeny and phylogeny: phytohormones as indicators of labile changes.- 7.1 The problem: could ontogeny constrain the evolution of form?.- 7.2 Phytohormone changes as convenient models.- 7.3 Discussion: generalizations concerning the evolution of form.- 7.4 The need for the study of comparative morphogenesis.- 7.5 References.- Editors' commentary on Part 3.- 4 Adaptation: two perspectives.- 8 Biophysical limitations on plant form and evolution.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Basic requirements.- 8.3 Long-term trends in plant evolution.- 8.4 Adaptation and Ganong's principle.- 8.5 References.- 9 Evolution and adaptation in Encelia (Asteraceae).- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Adaptation to environment.- 9.3 Encelia: a model system for the study of adaptation.- 9.4 Evolution of adaptations within the genus.- 9.5 References.- Editors' commentary on Part 4.- 5 Genetics and ecology of populations.- 10 Natural selection of flower color polymorphisms in morning glory populations.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 The evolution of the mating modifier genes.- 10.3 Operational definition of a population.- 10.4 Mating system estimation.- 10.5 Conclusions.- 10.6 Acknowledgements.- 10.7 References.- 11 Genetic variation and environmental variation: expectations and experiments.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 A straw-man.- 11.3 Towards word-models.- 11.4 The concept of the environment.- 11.5 Away from word-models.- 11.6 An experiment.- 11.7 Integration.- 11.8 Acknowledgements.- 11.9 References.- 12 Local differentiation and the breeding structure of plant populations.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Breeding structure of populations.- 12.3 Random differentiation in continuous populations.- 12.4 Random differentiation in discontinuous populations.- 12.5 Inferences about migration rates from genetic structure.- 12.6 Gene flow and selective differentiation.- 12.7 The spread of advantageous genes.- 12.8 Conclusions.- 12.9 References.- Editors' commentary on Part 5.- 6 Life histories in a community context.- 13 Vegetational mosaics, plant-animal interactions and resources for plant growth.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Lesser snow geese and the effects of foraging on the vegetation of salt marshes and freshwater marshes.- 13.3 The herbivore optimization model and the net primary production of vegetation.- 13.4 Population differentiation of Puccinellia phryganodes.- 13.5 Resource availability, patch dynamics and community structure.- 13.6 Comparisons with other ecosystems.- 13.7 Conclusions.- 13.8 Acknowledgements.- 13.9 References.- 14 The C-S-R model of primary plant strategies - origins, implications and tests.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Data collection.- 14.3 The initial hypothesis.- 14.4 The concept of strategies.- 14.5 Ruderals.- 14.6 Competitors.- 14.7 Stress tolerators.- 14.8 Implications for community dynamics.- 14.9 Tests and refinements of the C-S-R model.- 14.10 Acknowledgements.- 14.11 References.- Editors' commentary on Part 6.- Epilogue.