Concentrating Solar Power and Desalination Plants (eBook)

Dr. Patricia Palenzuela is currently a project researcher in the Solar Desalination Unit at the Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, the largest concentrating solar technology research, development and test center in Europe. She is a phD from the University of Almería, having developed all the research activity of her thesis at the Plataforma Solar de Almería. She has also conducted research at the Qatar Environmental and Energy Research Institute and the Solar Energy Research Center-Chile (SERC-Chile) as a postdoctoral fellowDr. Guillermo Zaragoza is currently senior researcher at the Solar Desalination Unit of CIEMAT-Plataforma Solar de Almería, and coordinator of the Action Group on “Renewable Energy Desalination” of the European Innovation Partnership on Water of the European Commission. Dr. Diego-César Alarcón-Padilla is the current head of the Solar Desalination Unit at CIEMAT-Plataforma Solar de Almería. He also holds the position of Operating Agent of SolarPACES Task VI (Solar Energy and Water Processes and Applications) and the coordination of the Sub-Programme IV (Concentrated Solar Power and Desalination, CSP+D) within the framework of the EERA (European Energy Research Alliance) CSP Joint Programme.

Contents 6
Chapter 1: State of the Art of Desalination Processes 9
1.1 Introduction 10
1.2 Available Technologies for Large-Scale Seawater Desalination 10
1.2.1 Multi-stage Flash 14
1.2.2 Multi-effect Distillation 15
1.2.3 Reverse Osmosis 23
1.2.4 Comparison of Desalination Technologies 28
References 30
Chapter 2: Combined Fresh Water and Power Production: State of the Art 34
2.1 Introduction 34
2.2 Combined Fresh Water and Power Production from Conventional Power Plants 35
2.2.1 Power Cycles 35
2.2.2 Simultaneous Fresh Water and Power Production 39
2.3 Concentrating Solar Power Plants 41
2.3.1 Parabolic-Trough Collectors 42
2.3.2 Linear Fresnel 45
2.3.3 Central Receiver Systems (Solar Tower) 46
2.3.4 Parabolic Dishes 48
2.3.5 Selection of the Concentrating Solar Power Plant 48
2.3.6 Commercial Concentrating Solar Power Plants with Parabolic-Trough Collector Technology 50
SEGS-I Plant 51
SEGS-II Plant 52
SEGS Plants III-V 53
SEGS Plants VI and VII 54
SEGS Plants VIII and IX 56
Andasol Plant 57
Nevada Solar One Plant 57
2.4 Combination of CSP and Desalination Plants 59
2.5 Cooling Systems in CSP plants 61
References 64
Chapter 3: Steady-State Modelling of a Low-Temperature Multi-effect Distillation Plant 68
3.1 Introduction 69
3.2 MED Plants: State of the Art 69
3.3 Description of the Plant 71
3.3.1 Experimental Setup 74
3.4 Mathematical Model 76
3.4.1 Preheaters 77
3.4.2 Effects 78
First Effect (G1) 78
Effects from 2 to N (Group G2) 79
Subgroup G2-1 79
Subgroup G2-2 81
Subgroup G2-3 82
Final Condenser 85
3.5 Running and Validation of the Model 87
3.6 Results and Discussion 88
References 90
Chapter 4: Steady-State Modelling of a Parabolic-Trough Concentrating Solar Power Plant 92
4.1 Introduction 95
4.2 Modelling of the PT Solar Field 95
4.2.1 Parabolic-Trough Collectors 96
PT Reflector 98
Receiver/Absorber Tube 98
4.2.2 Sizing of a PTC System 99
Orientation of the Collectors´ Rotation Axis 100
Day and Time 101
Geographical Longitude and Latitude of the Site 102
Direct Solar Radiation Incidence Angle on the Collectors 103
Direct Solar Radiation and Ambient Temperature 104
Inlet and Outlet Temperatures of the Collector Field 104
Nominal Thermal Power of the Collector Field 105
Type of Collector 105
Type of Working Fluid 105
4.3 Power Cycle Modelling 114
4.3.1 Power Cycle 114
4.3.2 Thermodynamic Analysis of the Cycle Components 116
Turbines 117
Turbine ST1 118
Turbine ST2 119
Reheater 121
Condenser 121
Mixing Chamber 122
Pumps 123
Pump 1 123
Pump 2 124
Feedwater Heaters 125
Closed Feedwater Heaters 125
Open Feedwater Heaters 127
Valves 127
Valve 1 127
Steam Generation System 128
References 129
Chapter 5: Integration of a Desalination Plant into a Concentrating Solar Power Plant 130
5.1 Introduction 131
5.2 Description of the Systems 132
5.2.1 Configuration 1 132
5.2.2 Configuration 2 133
5.2.3 Configuration 3 136
5.2.4 Configuration 4 138
5.3 Analysis of the Integration of a Desalination Plant into a Power Cycle 138
5.3.1 Calculation for Desalinated Water Production and GOR 138
Low-Temperature Multi-effect Distillation 138
MED-TVC and LT-MED+TVC 140
Reverse Osmosis 142
5.3.2 Power and Efficiency Assessment of the Combined CSP and Seawater Desalination Plant 142
References 143
Chapter 6: Techno-economic Analysis 144
6.1 Introduction 145
6.2 Sensitivity Analysis 146
6.2.1 Modelling and Simulation 146
6.2.2 Assessment of the Overall Thermal Efficiency 155
6.2.3 Results and Discussion 156
6.3 Case Study 158
6.3.1 Techno-economic Analysis 158
Thermodynamic Analysis 158
Economic Analysis 161
6.3.2 Results and Discussion 162
Appendix 166
References 171
Index 172