Introduction to Fluorescence Sensing (eBook)

Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Basic principles 2.1. Overview of strategies in molecular sensing2.2. Labeled targets in fluorescence assays2.3. Competitor displacement assays2.4. Sandwich assays2.5. Catalytic biosensors2.6. Direct reagent-independent sensingSensing and thinking: How to make the best sensor? Comparison of basic principles Chapter 3. Theoretical aspects 3.1. Parameters that need to be optimized in every sensor3.2. Determination of binding constants3.3. Modeling the ligand binding isotherm3.4. Kinetics of target binding3.5. Formats for fluorescence detectionSensing and thinking: How to provide the quantitative measure of target binding? Chapter 4. Fluorescence detection techniques 4.1. Fluorescence fundamentals4.2. Intensity-based sensing4.3. Anisotropy-based sensing and polarization assays4.4. Lifetime-based fluorescence response4.5. Excimer and exciplex formation4.6. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)4.7. Wavelength-shift sensing4.8. Two-band wavelength-ratiometric sensing with a single dyeSensing and thinking: The optimal choice of fluorescence detection technique  Chapter 5. Molecular-size fluorescence emitters 5.1. Fluorophores and their characteristics5.2. Organic dyes as labels and tags5.3. Organic dyes as fluorescence reporters5.4. Visible fluorescent proteins5.5. Luminescent metal complexes5.6. Few-atom clusters of noble metalsSensing and thinking: Which molecular reporter to choose for particular needs? Chapter 6. Nanoscale fluorescence emitters 6.1. Introduction to light emitting nano-world6.2. Dye-doped nanoparticles and dendrimers6.3. Conjugated polymers6.4. Fluorescent carbon nanostructures 6.5. Semiconductor quantum dots6.6. Up-converting nanocrystalsSensing and thinking: Nanoscale emitters, what are the advantages? Chapter 7. Fluorescent nanocomposites 7.1. Fluorescence enhancement and quenching in nanocomposites7.2. Modulation of emission parameters in multi-fluorophore systems 7.3. Optical choice of FRET donors and acceptors7.4. Wavelength referencing, multiplexing and multicolor coding7.5. Combining fluorescence with magnetic, NMR enhancing and other functionalitiesSensing and thinking: Achieving multitude of functions in designed nanocomposites Chapter 8. Recognition units 8.1. Multivalency: the principle of molecular recognition8.2. Recognition units built of small molecules8.3. Antibodies and their recombinant fragments8.4. Ligand-binding proteins and protein-based display scaffolds8.5. Designed and randomly synthesized peptides8.6. Nucleic acid aptamers8.7. Peptide nucleic acids8.8. Molecularly imprinted polymersSensing and thinking: Selecting the tools for optimal target recognition Chapter 9. Mechanisms of signal transduction 9.1. General principles of signal transduction9.2. Basic signal transduction mechanisms: electron, charge and proton transfer9.3. Signal transduction via excited-state energy transfer9.4. Superenhancement and superquenching9.5. Signal transduction via conformational changes9.6. Signal transduction via association and aggregation phenomena9.7. Smart sensing with logical operationsSensing and thinking: How to couple the recognition and reporting functionalities? Chapter 10. Supramolecular structures and interfaces for sensing 10.1. Self-assembled supramolecular systems10.2. Building blocks for supramolecular sensors10.3. Conjugation, labeling and cross-linking.10.4. Supporting and transducing surfaces.10.5. Functional lipid and polymer bilayersSensing and thinking: Extending sensing possibilities with smart nano-ensembles Chapter 11. Non-conventional generation and transformation of response 11.1. Chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescence11.2. Bioluminescence11.3. Radioluminescence and Cherenkov effect11.4. Two-photon excitation and stimulated emission11.5. Direct optical generation of electrical response signal11.6. Evanescent-wave fluorescence sensors11.7. Plasmonic enhancement of luminescence emissionSensing and thinking: Eliminating light sources and detectors: what remains? Chapter 12. The sensing devices 12.1. Instrumentation for fluorescence spectroscopy12.2. Optical waveguides and optodes12.3. Multi-analyte spotted microarrays12.4. Suspension arrays and barcoding12.5. Microfluidic devices.12.6. Devices incorporating whole living cellsSensing and thinking: Optimizing convenience, sensitivity and precision for obtaining the proper sensor response Chapter 13. Focusing on targets 13.1. Temperature, pressure and gas sensing13.2. Probing the properties of condensed matter13.3. Detection of small molecules and ions13.4. Nucleic acid detection and sequence identification13.5. Recognition of protein targets13.6. Polysaccharides, glycolipids and glycoproteins13.7. Detection of harmful microbesSensing and thinking: Adaptation of sensor units for multi-scale and hierarchical range of targets Chapter 14. Sensing inside the living cells  14.1. Modern fluorescence microscopy14.2. Super-resolution microscopy14.3. Sensing and imaging on a single molecule level14.4. Site-specific intracellular labeling and genetic encoding14.5. Advanced nanosensors inside the cells14.6. Sensing within the cell membrane14.7. Sensing different targets in cell interiorSensing and thinking: Intellectual and technical means for addressing the systems of great complexity Chapter 15. Sensing the whole body and clinical diagnostics 15.1. Ex-vivo diagnostics15.2. Sensing the whole body15.3. Monitoring the cells inside the living body15.4. Theranostics: combining targeting, imaging and therapySensing and thinking: The strategy of controlling by light of diagnostics and treatment Chapter 16. Opening new horizons 16.1. Genomics, proteomics and other ‘omics’16.2. The sensors to any target and to immense number of targets16.3. New level of clinical diagnostics16.4. Advanced sensors in drug discovery16.5. Towards sensors that reproduce human senses16.6. Sensors promising to change the societySensing and thinking: Where do we stand and where should we go? Epilogue. Appendix. Glossary of terms used in fluorescence sensing Index