Mental Models and Human-Computer Interaction (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Mental Models and Human-Computer Interaction 2 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 14
PREFACE 6
The Content of the Book 7
PART 1: FROM THEORY TO DESIGN 18
CHAPTER 1. THE IMPORTANCE OF MODELS IN MAKING COMPLEX SYSTEMS COMPREHENSIBLE 20
ABSTRACT 20
Introduction 20
High-functionality computer systems - examples of complex systems 21
Cooperative problem solving systems 23
Comprehensible systems 27
Models 35
Innovative system design efforts in making complex systems comprehensible 42
JANUS: An example of an integrated, knowledge-based design environment 43
Conclusions 48
Acknowledgements 49
References 49
PART 2: METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS 54
CHAPTER 2. MODELS OF MENTAL MODELS: AN ERGONOMIST - PSYCHOLOGIST DIALOGUE 56
ABSTRACT 56
Introduction 56
A starting point 57
Knowledge representation 59
Different approaches 60
Pictures in the mind? 63
Mental models within human factors 66
Conclusions 69
Acknowledgements 70
References 71
CHAPTER 3. HOW TO T(R)AP USERS' MENTAL MODELS 76
ABSTRACT 76
Introduction 76
Critical review of experimental methods for investigating users' models 77
Five empirical studies on users' models 87
Future work: process aspects of users' models 94
References 94
CHAPTER 4. MODELLING FOR ADAPTIVITY 98
ABSTRACT 98
Introduction 98
Why adaptive systems? 99
A taxonomy of adaptivity 101
What do adaptive systems need? 103
How are adaptive systems to be built? 108
Conclusion 110
References 111
CHAPTER 5. CONCURRENT USE OF DIFFERENT EXPERTIS EELICITATION METHODS APPLIED TO THE STUDY OF THE PROGRAMMING ACTIVITY 114
ABSTRACT 114
Introduction 114
First approach by the researcher to the study object 116
Example of results 118
Study of the result of the activity: gathering programmers' knowledge 118
Real time study of the programming activity 122
Conclusion 128
Acknowledgements 129
References 129
CHAPTER 6. ANALYSING COMPLEX TASKS WITH AN EXTENDED GOMS* MODEL 132
ABSTRACT 132
Introduction 132
The extended GOMS* model 133
Conclusions 147
References 149
CHAPTER 7. OBJECT-BASED ACTION PLANNING 152
ABSTRACT 152
Introduction 152
Modelling a system's functionality 158
Modelling the system and the task world 163
Complex task representation 166
Modelling action planning 167
Discussion 169
References 171
PART 3: EMPIRICAL RESULTS 174
CHAPTER 8. DESIGN DECISIONS FOR A USER INTERFACE 176
ABSTRACT 176
Introduction 176
Framework for the design of the metacommunicative aspects of user interface 182
Functionality of a system for information retrieval 183
Implementation of the user interface 186
Conclusion 194
References 195
CHAPTER 9. 
196 
ABSTRACT 196
Introduction 196
Mental models 198
Theoretical framework 198
Implications 200
The evaluation study 201
Findings 203
Discussion and conclusions 204
References 205
CHAPTER 10. LEVEL OF EXPERIENCE IN TEXT-EDITING: THE ROLE OF MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS ON PERFORMANCE 208
ABSTRACT 208
Introduction 208
Method 209
Results 210
Conclusions 215
Acknowledgements 217
References 217
CHAPTER 11. HOW TO PREDICT USER PERFORMANCE AND USER PREFERENCE WITH DIFFERENT INTERACTION TECHNIQUES? 220
ABSTRACT 220
Introduction 220
Experimental variation 222
Models 226
TAG model 228
GOMS model 228
Model parameters 230
Results 231
Conclusions 238
References 240
CHAPTER 12. A SCHEMA-BASED MODEL OF PROGRAM UNDERSTANDING 242
ABSTRACT 242
Introduction 242
A model of program understanding 243
Understanding failures 248
Understanding strategies 249
Conclusion 254
References 254
PART 4: MENTAL MODELS IN DESIGN 258
CHAPTER 13. COGNITIVE PROCESSES IN INFORMATION RETRIEVAL: PRODUCTION RULES AND LEXICAL NETS 260
ABSTRACT 260
General description of the search process 260
Simulation of the lexical processes 262
Description of the query formulation by a production system 268
References 272
CHAPTER 14. MODELLING THE USER INTERACTION METHODS IMPOSED BY DESIGNS 274
ABSTRACT 274
Introduction 274
Method 276
Initial modelling results 278
Additional analysis 281
Conclusions 283
References 285
CHAPTER 15. USABILITY TESTING: A PRACTICAL USE FOR MENTAL MODEL CONSTRUCTION 288
ABSTRACT 288
Introduction 288
The telephone user and usage 291
Mental models and representation 294
Mental models in telephone usage 296
Simulation of the telephone user 302
Implementation 303
Discussion 304
References 305
PART 5: MENTAL MODELS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 306
CHAPTER 16. PLAN RECOGNITION IN HCl: THE PARSING OF USER ACTIONS 308
ABSTRACT 308
Introduction 308
Plan recognition and the grammatical approach 310
A comparison of different parsing strategies 319
Conclusion 323
Acknowledgement 325
References 326
CHAPTER 17. INDUCTIVE KNOWLEGDE ACQUISITION FOR A UNIX COACH 330
ABSTRACT 330
Intelligent user support based on task knowledge 330
LEXITAS: a language for representing task knowledge 332
The FINIX application 334
Acquisition of task knowledge by induction 337
Machine learning aspects 348
Acknowledgement 350
References 351
CHAPTER 18. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF CONSTRUCTING A MENTAL MODEL WHEN LEARNING BY BEING TOLD, FROM EXAMPLES, AND BY EXPLORATION 354
ABSTRACT 354
Introduction 354
The construction of a mental model 356
Knowledge utilization 372
Discussion 375
Acknowledgements 376
References 376
CHAPTER 19. DOMAIN REPRESENTATION AND STUDENT MODELING IN A MICROWORLD FOR ELASTIC IMPACTS 378
ABSTRACT 378
DiBi: a microworld for elastic impacts 378
Domain representation and student modeling 384
References 388
CHAPTER 20. KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION AS AN OBJECTORIENTED MODELLING PROCESS 390
ABSTRACT 390
Knowledge acquisition 390
Object-oriented modelling of knowledge 392
Metasystems 393
Digester and Informant 394
The ZOO metasystem 395
Accommodation of meta-level knowledge using ZOO 396
Conclusions 396
References 398
CHAPTER 21. ARISTOTELIAN SYLLOGISMS IN MENTAL MODELS 400
ABSTRACT 400
Introduction 400
Description of the problem 402
Representation of syllogisms by graphs 404
Extension of the model 407
References 410
AUTHOR INDEX 412
SUBJECT INDEX 418