Fearon's Introduction to Biochemistry (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Fearon's Introduction to Biochemistry 4
Copyright Page 5
Preface to the Fourth Edition 6
Table of Contents 8
Part l: Constitutive Biochemistry 10
Chapter 1. The Subject-matter of Biochemistry 10
Synopsis 14
General References 14
Chapter 2. Biological Elements 17
THE BIOLOGICAL ELEMENTS IN GROUP ORDER 19
General References 40
Chapter 3. Inorganic Compounds 42
IONIC SYSTEMS 54
General References 59
Chapter 4. Solutions and Colloidal Systems 60
COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS 62
General References 69
Chapter 5. Classification and Characteristics of Organic Compounds 70
ORGANIC TYPE FORMULAE 70
General References 78
Chapter 6. Carbohydrates 79
MALTOSE 86
LACTOSE 86
CELLOBIOSE 87
SUCROSE 87
POLYOSES, OR POLYSACCHARIDES 88
STARCH 90
DEXTRIN 91
GLYCOGEN 91
HETEROSACCHARIDES 93
SUGAR DERIVATIVES 94
Chapter 7. Identification and Estimation of Carbohydrates 98
MECHANISM OF THE COPPER REDUCTION TESTS 101
CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARAnON OF CARBOHYDRATES 106
.8.....0. OF CARBOHYDRATES 106
General References 107
Chapter 8. Proteins 109
A. SIMPLE PROTEINS 109
B. CONJUGATED PROTEINS 111
C. DERIVED PROTEINS 113
Chapter 9. Amino Acids 115
CLASSIFICAnON OF THE AMINO ACIDS 116
SUMMARY OF AMINO ACID REACTIONS 121
THE ARCHTECTURE OF THE PROTEIN MOLECULE 124
ANALYTICAL REACTIONS OF PROTEINS 129
GROUP TESTS FOR PROTEINS 131
General References 133
Chapter 10 Lipids 135
LIPID COMPONENTS 136
SIMPLE LIPIDS 139
ANALYTICAL REACTIONS OF SIMPLE LIPIDS 140
WAXES 142
COMPLEX LIPIDS: PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND SPHINGOLIPIDS 142
SEPARATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF LIPIDS 145
General References 146
Chapter 11. Sterols and Steroids 147
STEROLS 148
THE BILE ACIDS 152
STEROID GLYCOSIDES 153
STEROID HORMONES 154
General References 159
Chapter 12. Biological Pigments : Pyrrole Derivatives, Carotenoids, Flavins, Melanins 160
PYRROLE DERIVATIVES 160
THE H^MOCHROMES, OR BLOOD PIGMENTS 166
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS OF ILEMOGLOBIN 168
THE CYTOCHROMES 172
THE MAGNESIUM PORPHYRANS 173
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PORPHYRINS 175
CAROTENOIDS 176
FLAVINS 181
MELANINS 182
PTERIDINES 183
FLAVONES AND ANTHOCYANINS 184
General References 184
Chapter 13. Nutrients 185
VITAMINS 190
I. FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS 192
VITAMINS D 195
II. WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS 202
DIETARY CONSTRUCTION 217
General References 219
Part II: Dynamic Biochemistry 220
Chapter 14. Catalysts 220
CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYMES 225
A. HYDROLASES 226
B. TRANSFERASES 234
C. MISCELLANEOUS ENZYMES 245
KINETICS OF ENZYME ACTION 247
EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION OF ENZYMES 250
General References 255
Chapter 15. Digestion 256
CLINICAL ANALYSIS OF GASTRIC CONTENTS 259
DUODENAL DIGESTION 261
INTESTINAL JUICE 267
FACTORS REGULATING CALCIUM ABSORPTION 270
General References 274
Chapter 16. Carbohydrate Metabolism 275
GLYCOTROPIC HORMONES 280
GLUCOSE METABOLISM 282
CARBOHYDRATE SYNTHESIS IN PLANTS 294
General References 295
Chapter 17. Protein Metabolism 296
GENERAL HISTORY OF THE AMINO ACIDS 296
General References 306
Chapter 18. Lipid Metabolism 307
The Lipoclastie Cycle 308
Synthesis of Fat in the Organism 310
Complex Lipids 311
Sterols 311
General References 313
Chapter 19. Tissue Respiration 314
ENERGY EXCHANGE IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 326
General References 328
Chapter 20. Nucleic Acid Metabolism 329
PURINES 330
PYRIMIDINES 334
NUCLEOSIDES AND NUCLEOTIDES 334
NUCLEIC ACIDS 336
END-PRODUCTS OF PURINE METABOLISM 340
General References 341
Chapter 21. Amines and Amides 342
UREA 348
General References 354
Chapter 22. Excretion 355
INORGANIC SOLUTES 358
ORGANIC SOLUTES 361
PATHOLOGICAL CONSTITUENTS OF URINE 364
FATTY ACID METABOLITES IN URINE 369
ABNORMAL METABOLITES DUE TO INBORN DEFECTS 371
URINARY SEDIMENTS 372
DETOXICATION 373
General References 376
Chapter 23. The Internal Environment: Blood and Tissue Fluids 377
WATER BALANCE 378
BLOOD 381
RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD 383
THE PLASMA COLLOIDS 387
THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE ERYTHROCYTE 390
AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF HUMAN BLOOD 392
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD PLASMA AND SERUM 392
General References 395
Chapter 24. Hormones 396
THYROID HORMONE 404
PARATHYROID HORMONE 408
PANCREATIC HORMONES 409
GYNiECOGENS: FEMALE SEX HORMONES 412
ANDROGENS: MALE SEX HORMONES 419
PITUITARY HORMONES 421
ALIMENTARY HORMONES 425
MISCELLANEOUS HORMONES 427
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ANIMAL HORMONES 429
PLANT HORMONES AND GROWTH FACTORS 430
AGENTS AFFECTING BACTERIAL GROWTH OF MICRO-ORGANISMS 433
General References 435
Chapter 25. Tissue Chemistry 436
AUTOLYSIS 448
General References 449
APPENDIX I REPRESENTATIVE FOOD MATERIALS 451
APPENDIX II REAGENTS EMPLOYED IN BIOCHEMISTRY 456
ABBREVIATIONS AND EQUIVALENTS 461
INDEX 464