Structure and Chemistry of the Apatites and Other Calcium Orthophosphates (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Structure and Chemistry of the Apatites and Other Calcium Orthophosphates 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
Preface 6
Acknowledgements 9
Chapter 1. General chemistry of the calcium orthophosphates 16
1.1 Introduction 16
1.2 Monocalcium phosphates (monohydrate and anhydrous) 24
1.3 Octacalcium phosphate 27
1.4 Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, brushite 38
1.5 Dicalcium phosphate anhydrous, monetite 45
1.6 Anhydrous tricalcium phosphates and whitlockite 49
1.7 Tetracalcium phosphate 65
1.8 Amorphous calcium phosphates 68
Chapter 2 Fluorapatite and chlorapatite 78
2.1 Introduction 78
2.2 Structures 79
2.3 Substitutions in apatites 95
2.4 Preparation of powders 110
2.5 Growth of single crystals 112
2.6 Infrared and Raman spectra 114
2.7 Other physical and chemical studies 119
Chapter 3. Hydroxyapatite and nonstoichiometric apatites 126
3.1 Introduction 126
3.2 Structure of hydroxyapatite 127
3.3 Preparation of stoichiometric hydroxyapatite powders 133
3.4 Preparation of other apatites with hydroxyl ions 140
3.5 Growth of hydroxyapatite single crystals 152
3.6 Special analytical methods 154
3.7 Structure of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatites 163
3.8 Kinetics of nucleation and crystal growth 169
3.9 Solubility and interfacial phenomena 172
3.10 Reactions in solution 174
3.11 Infrared and Raman spectroscopy 184
3.12 NMR spectroscopy 197
3.13 Other physical and chemical studies 201
Chapter 4. Mineral, synthetic and biological carbonate apatites 206
4.1 Introduction 206
4.2 Francolite and dahllite 214
4.3 A-type carbonate apatite, Ca10(PO4)6CO3 228
4.4 Synthetic high temperature B-type carbonate apatites 238
4.5 Carbonate apatites from aqueous systems 244
4.6 Biological apatites 274
4.7 Electron spin resonance of X-irradiated carbonate apatites 313
4.8 Summary 316
Appendix 320
Calculated X-ray diffraction patterns of the calcium orthophosphates 320
References 326
Index 386