Fundamentals (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Fundamentals: Thermodynamics and Kinetics, Part A 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Preface 10
Foreword 12
Contents Of Volume 1 14
CHAPTER 1. Historical Introduction 16
Introduction 18
1. Crystallization phenomena in ancient technologies 18
2. Empirical experiences with crystallization phenomena in the Middle Ages 21
3. Presentiments about crystals and their formation from the age of enlightenment to the 19th century 24
4. Development of crystal growth science and technology in the 20th century 33
5. Outlook 52
References 54
CHAPTER 2. Phase Equilibria 58
1. The combined first and second laws of thermodynamics and the thermodynamic functions 60
2. Criteria for equilibrium 64
3. The Gibbs phase rule 66
4. The treatment of solid and liquid phases as incompressible liquids. Pressure and temperature dependence of S, H, and G 67
5. One-component systems 70
6. Internal equilibrium in a phase 71
7. Narrow-homogeneity-range compounds 74
8. Phase diagrams 77
9. Condensed-phase–vapor-phase equilibrium 80
10. Two condensed phases in equilibrium 84
Il. Pressure dependence of the two-phase equilibrium in differential form 85
12. The use of Gibbs energy isotherms for two-condensed-phase equilibrium 88
13. Miscibility gap 89
14. Equilibrium of a congruently melting, narrow-homogeneity-range crystalline compound, ABq 93
15. Three-phase curves for a narrow-homogeneity-range compound 98
16. Equilibria among a number of narrow-homogeneity-range compounds 102
17. Equilibria of a pseudobinary solid solution 106
18. Equilibria of a pseudoternary solid solution A1–u–vBuCvD{S) 111
19. Equilibria of a pseudoternary solid solution {A1–uBu){C1–vDv){S) 113
Acknowledgements 116
References 116
CHAPTER 3. Defect Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams in Compound Crystal Growth Processes 118
1. Introduction 120
2. Phase relations and phase diagrams 121
3. Crystal growth and annealing processes 134
4. Density and stoichiometry measurements 147
5. Neutral-defect formation reactions and equilibria 150
6. Ionization reactions and equilibria 157
7. Defect agglomeration 171
8. Coexistence of phases 174
9. Doping 175
10. Computer modelling 180
11. Conclusion 191
Appendix: Derivation of thermodynamic equilibrium equations 192
Acknowledgements 198
References 198
CHAPTER 4. Nucleation Theory 202
Introduction 204
1. Nucleation thermodynamics general
2. Nucleation thermodynamics some specific cases
3. Statistical thermodynamics of nucleation 241
4. Nucleation kinetics 252
5. Concluding remarks 258
Appendix: The Frenkel distribution 258
References 260
CHAPTER 5. The Structure of Supersaturated Solutions 264
Introduction 266
1. Thermodynamics of stability 267
2. Metastable solutions–practical considerations 272
3. Nucleation theory 277
4. Modern nucleation theory in binary solutions 287
5. Kinetics of cluster formation 294
6. Experimental studies of supersaturated solutions 301
List of symbols 315
References 318
CHAPTER 6. Crystal Growth Mechanisms 322
1. Introduction 326
2. Mother phase and crystal phase 340
3. Macroscopic description of the surface 358
4. Atomistic description: statistical mechanics 374
5. Growth of stepped surfaces 399
6. Step dynamics 417
7. Crystal growth models 453
Acknowledgements 487
References 488
CHAPTER 7. Growth and Morphology of Crystals: Integration of Theories of Roughening and Hartman–Perdok Theory 492
1. Introduction 496
2. Mean-field interface models, kinetic roughening 505
3. Exact solutions for the determination of the Ising temperatures of two-dimensional Ising lattices 522
4. Theory of Hartman and Perdok crystal graphs and connected nets
5. Morphology of some organic and inorganic crystals 543
6. Morphology of orthorhombic long-chain normal alkanes grown under pure conditions and with additives. Theory and applications: a case study 560
7. Morphology of modulated and quasi-crystals 586
References 592
CHAPTER 8. Atomic-scale Models of Crystal Growth 598
1. Introduction 600
2. Molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo methods 605
3. Crystallization from the melt 611
4. Crystallization from vapor and atomic-beam sources 625
5. Conclusions 648
Acknowledgements 650
References 650
CHAPTER 9. Low-Energy Ion/Surface Interactions During Crystal Growth from the Vapor Phase: Effects on Nucleation and Growth, Defect Creation and Annihilation, Microstructure Evolution, and Synthesis of Metastable Phases 654
1. Introduction 656
2. Nucleation and the early stages of film growth 657
3. lon-irradiation-induced defect creation and annihilation 672
4. Microstructure evolution 677
5. Synthesis of metastable phases 690
6. Conclusions 692
Acknowledgements 693
References 693