Toxic Plants of North America (eBook)

George E. Burrows, DVM, PhD, is emeritus professor of toxicology and former adjunct toxicologist in the Animal Diagnostic Laboratory of the Oklahoma State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Stillwater. The author of numerous journal articles on the identification of plant toxicants and their mechanisms of action, he has also served as an associate editor for Veterinary & Human Toxicology, coordinating a feature page, "Poisonous Plant Cases." Ronald J. Tyrl, PhD, is emeritus professor of botany and former curator of the herbarium at Oklahoma State University, Stillwater. He is the coordinating editor of the Flora of Oklahoma Project and has authored numerous technical articles and books on the identification and classification of flowering plants.

Title page 5
Copyright page 6
Contents 7
Chapter One: Introduction 11
Objective and Scope of the First Edition 11
Objective and Scope of the Second Edition 11
Intoxications in Humans 11
Intoxications in Wildlife and Captive Animals 12
Role of Plant Secondary Compounds in Plant Intoxications 12
Role of Fungal Endophytes in Plant Intoxications 12
Compilation of Information 13
Organization and Format 13
Historical Perspective 14
Dedication 14
Acknowledgments 15
Bibliography 16
Chapter Two: Adoxaceae E.Mey. 19
Sambucus L. 19
Taxonomy and Morphology 19
Distribution and Habitat 20
Disease Problems 21
Disease Genesis 21
Clinical Signs 22
Pathology and Treatment 22
References 22
Chapter Three: Agavaceae Endl. 23
Agave L. 24
Taxonomy and Morphology 24
Distribution and Habitat 24
Disease Problems 25
Disease Genesis 25
Clinical Signs 26
Pathology 26
Treatment 27
Nolina Michx. 27
Taxonomy and Morphology 27
Distribution and Habitat 27
Disease Problems 28
Disease Genesis 29
Clinical Signs 29
Pathology 29
Treatment 30
References 30
Chapter Four: Aloaceae Batsch 32
Aloe L. 32
Taxonomy and Morphology 32
Distribution and Habitat 32
Disease Problems 33
Disease Genesis 33
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 34
References 34
Chapter Five: Amaranthaceae Juss. 36
Amaranthus L. 36
Taxonomy and Morphology 36
Distribution and Habitat 37
Disease Problems 38
Disease Genesis 39
Clinical Signs 40
Pathology 40
Treatment 40
References 41
Chapter Six: Anacardiaceae Lindl. 43
Anacardium L. 44
Taxonomy and Morphology 44
Distribution and Habitat 44
Disease Problems 44
Disease Genesis 45
Clinical Signs 45
Treatment 45
Mangifera L. 45
Taxonomy and Morphology 45
Distribution and Habitat 46
Disease Problems 46
Disease Genesis 46
Clinical Signs 47
Treatment 47
Metopium P.D.Br. 47
Taxonomy and Morphology 47
Distribution and Habitat 47
Disease Problems 48
Disease Genesis 48
Clinical Signs 48
Treatment 48
Schinus L. 48
Taxonomy and Morphology 48
Distribution and Habitat 48
Disease Problems 49
Disease Genesis 49
Clinical Signs 49
Treatment 50
Toxicodendron Mill. 50
Taxonomy and Morphology 50
Distribution and Habitat 51
Disease Problems 51
Disease Genesis 52
Clinical Signs 53
Treatment 54
Genera with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 55
Rhus L. 55
References 55
Chapter Seven: Annonaceae Juss. 58
Asimina Adans. 58
Taxonomy and Morphology 58
Distribution and Habitat 58
Disease Problem 59
Disease Genesis 59
Clinical Signs and Treatment 60
References 60
Chapter Eight: Apiaceae Lindl. 61
Disease Problems 62
Disease Genesis 63
Clinical Signs 64
Pathology 65
Treatment 65
Aethusa L. 65
Taxonomy and Morphology 65
Distribution and Habitat 65
Disease Problems 66
Disease Genesis 66
Clinical Signs 66
Treatment 66
Ammi L. 66
Taxonomy and Morphology 66
Distribution and Habitat 66
Disease Problems and Genesis 67
Clinical Signs and Pathology 68
Treatment 68
Cicuta L. 68
Taxonomy and Morphology 68
Distribution and Habitat 70
Disease Problems 70
Disease Genesis 71
Clinical Signs 72
Pathology 73
Treatment 73
Conium L. 74
Taxonomy and Morphology 74
Distribution and Habitat 74
Disease Problems 75
Disease Genesis 76
Clinical Signs 77
Pathology 78
Treatment 78
Cymopterus Raf. 78
Taxonomy and Morphology 78
Distribution and Habitat 78
Disease Problems, Genesis, and Clinical Signs 79
Heracleum L. 79
Taxonomy and Morphology 79
Distribution and Habitat 80
Disease Problems and Genesis 80
Clinical Signs and Pathology 80
Treatment 81
Sphenosciadium A.Gray 81
Taxonomy and Morphology 81
Distribution and Habitat 81
Disease Problems and Genesis 81
Clinical Signs 82
Pathology 82
Treatment 82
Genus with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 82
Daucus L. 82
References 83
Chapter Nine: Apocynaceae Juss. 89
Apocynum L. 91
Taxonomy and Morphology 91
Distribution and Habitat 92
Disease Problems 92
Disease Genesis 93
Clinical Signs 93
Pathology 93
Treatment 93
Asclepias L. 93
Taxonomy and Morphology 93
Distribution and Habitat 94
Disease Problems 95
Disease Genesis 97
Clinical Signs 100
Pathology 101
Treatment 102
Calotropis R.Br. 102
Taxonomy and Morphology 102
Distribution and Habitat 102
Disease Problems 103
Disease Genesis 103
Clinical Signs 103
Pathology 103
Treatment 104
Catharanthus G.Don 104
Taxonomy and Morphology 104
Distribution and Habitat 104
Disease Problems 104
Disease Genesis 104
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 105
Cryptostegia R.Br. 105
Taxonomy and Morphology 105
Distribution and Habitat 105
Disease Problems 105
Disease Genesis 106
Clinical Signs 106
Pathology 106
Treatment 106
Nerium L. 106
Taxonomy and Morphology 106
Distribution and Habitat 107
Disease Problems 107
Disease Genesis 108
Clinical Signs 109
Pathology 110
Treatment 110
Plumeria L. 111
Taxonomy and Morphology 111
Distribution and Habitat 111
Disease Problems 112
Disease Genesis 112
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 112
Strophanthus DC. 112
Taxonomy and Morphology 112
Distribution and Habitat 113
Disease Problems and Genesis 113
Clinical Signs 113
Pathology 113
Treatment 113
Thevetia Adans. 114
Taxonomy and Morphology 114
Distribution and Habitat 114
Disease Problems 114
Disease Genesis 115
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 115
Genera with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 115
Acokanthera G.Don 115
Adenium Roem. & Shult.
Allamanda L. 117
Alstonia R.Br. 118
Angadenia Miers 118
Araujia Brot. 119
Cynanchum L. 119
Echites P.Browne 120
Funstrum Fourn. 120
Haplophyton A.DC. 120
Hoya R.Br. 120
Mandevilla Lindl. 121
Ochrosia Juss. 121
Pentalinon voigt 122
Periploca L. 122
Prestonia R.Br. 122
Rauvolfia L. 123
Rhabdadenia Müll.Arg. 124
Sarcostemma R.Br. 124
Tabernaemontana L. 125
Urechites Müll.Arg 125
Vinca L. 125
References 126
Chapter Ten: Aquifoliaceae Bartl. 135
Ilex L. 135
Taxonomy and Morphology 135
Distribution and Habitat 136
Disease Problems 136
Disease Genesis 137
Clinical Signs and Pathology 137
Treatment 137
References 137
Chapter Eleven: Araceae Juss. 139
Disease Problems 140
Disease Genesis 140
Clinical Signs 142
Treatment 142
Alocasia (Schott) G.Don 143
Taxonomy and Morphology 143
Distribution and Habitat 143
Disease Problems 143
Arisaema Mart. 143
Taxonomy and Morphology 143
Distribution and Habitat 144
Disease Problems 144
Calla L. 144
Taxonomy and Morphology 144
Distribution and Habitat 144
Disease Problems 144
Dieffenbachia Schott 145
Taxonomy and Morphology 145
Disease Problems 145
Epipremnum Schott 146
Taxonomy and Morphology 146
Disease Problems 147
Monstera Adans. 147
Taxonomy and Morphology 147
Disease Problems 147
Philodendron Schott 148
Taxonomy and Morphology 148
Disease Problems 149
Clinical Signs 149
Zantedeschia Spreng. 149
Taxonomy and Morphology 149
Disease Problems 149
Genera with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 150
Lysichiton Schott 150
Symplocarpus Salisb. ex Nutt. 150
References 150
Chapter Twelve: Araliaceae Juss. 153
Hedera L. 154
Taxonomy and Morphology 154
Distribution and Habitat 154
Disease Problems 154
Disease Genesis 154
Clinical Signs and Treatment 155
Genera with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 156
Aralia L. 156
Schefflera J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
References 156
Chapter Thirteen: Asteraceae Martinov 158
Acroptilon Cass. 161
Taxonomy and Morphology 161
Distribution and Habitat 161
Disease Problems 162
Ageratina Spach 163
Taxonomy and Morphology 163
Metabolic Disease: Ageratina altissima 163
Taxonomy and Morphology 163
Distribution and Habitat 163
Disease Problems 164
Disease Genesis 165
Clinical Signs 166
Pathology 167
Treatment 167
Respiratory Disease: Ageratina adenophora 167
Taxonomy, Morphology, Distribution, and Habitat 167
Disease Problems 167
Disease Genesis 168
Clinical Signs 168
Pathology 168
Treatment 168
Artemisia L. 168
Taxonomy and Morphology 168
Distribution and Habitat 169
Disease Problems 170
Disease Genesis 171
Clinical Signs and Treatment 172
Baccharis L. 172
Taxonomy and Morphology 172
Distribution and Habitat 173
Disease Problems 173
Disease Genesis 174
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 174
Baileya Harv. & A.Gray
Taxonomy and Morphology 174
Distribution and Habitat 175
Disease Problems 175
Disease Genesis 176
Clinical Signs 176
Pathology 176
Treatment 176
Centaurea L. 176
Taxonomy and Morphology 176
Distribution and Habitat 177
Disease Problems 177
Disease Genesis 178
Clinical Signs 179
Pathology 180
Treatment 180
Flourensia DC. 180
Taxonomy and Morphology 180
Distribution and Habitat 180
Disease Problems 181
Disease Genesis 181
Clinical Signs 181
Pathology 181
Treatment 182
Gutierrezia Lag. 182
Taxonomy and Morphology 182
Distribution and Habitat 183
Disease Problems 183
Disease Genesis 184
Clinical Signs 185
Pathology 185
Treatment 185
Helenium L. & Hymenoxys Cass.
Taxonomy and Morphology 185
Distribution and Habitat 186
Disease Problems 188
Disease Genesis 189
Clinical Signs 192
Pathology 192
Treatment 192
Heliomeris Nutt. 193
Taxonomy and Morphology 193
Distribution and Habitat 193
Disease Problems and Genesis 194
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 194
Hymenoxys 194
Hypochaeris L. 194
Taxonomy and Morphology 194
Distribution and Habitat 195
Disease Problems 195
Disease Genesis 196
Clinical Signs 196
Pathology 196
Treatment 196
Isocoma Nutt. 197
Taxonomy and Morphology 197
Distribution and Habitat 197
Disease Problems 198
Disease Genesis 198
Clinical Signs 199
Pathology 199
Treatment 199
Iva L. 199
Taxonomy and Morphology 199
Distribution and Habitat 200
Disease Problems 200
Disease Genesis 200
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 201
Jacobaea 201
Oxytenia Nutt. 201
Distribution and Habitat 202
Disease Problems 202
Disease Genesis 202
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 202
Packera 202
Parthenium L. 202
Taxonomy and Morphology 202
Distribution and Habitat 203
Disease Problems 203
Disease Genesis 204
Clinical Signs 204
Pathology 204
Treatment 204
Picrothamnus 204
Psathyrotes A.Gray 204
Taxonomy and Morphology 204
Distribution and Habitat 205
Disease Problems and Genesis 205
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 205
Psilostrophe DC. 205
Taxonomy and Morphology 205
Distribution and Habitat 206
Disease Problems 206
Disease Genesis 207
Clinical Signs 207
Pathology and Treatment 207
Rudbeckia L. 207
Taxonomy and Morphology 207
Distribution and Habitat 208
Disease Problems 208
Disease Genesis 208
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 209
Sartwellia A.Gray 209
Taxonomy and Morphology 209
Distribution and Habitat 209
Disease Problems and Genesis 209
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 210
Senecio L. & Packera Á.Löve &
Taxonomy and Morphology 210
Distribution and Habitat 211
Disease Problems 214
Disease Genesis 215
Clinical Signs 219
Pathology 221
Treatment 222
Solidago L. 222
Taxonomy and Morphology 222
Distribution and Habitat 223
Disease Problems 223
Disease Genesis 224
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 224
Tetradymia DC. 224
Taxonomy and Morphology 224
Distribution and Habitat 224
Disease Problems 225
Disease Genesis 226
Signs 226
Pathology 227
Treatment 227
Verbesina L. 227
Taxonomy and Morphology 227
Distribution and Habitat 228
Disease Problems 228
Disease Genesis 228
Clinical Signs 228
Pathology 229
Treatment 229
Viguiera 229
Xanthium L. 229
Taxonomy and Morphology 229
Distribution and Habitat 230
Disease Problems 230
Disease Genesis 231
Clinical Signs 232
Pathology 233
Treatment 233
Xylorhiza Nutt. 233
Taxonomy and Morphology 233
Distribution and Habitat 234
Disease Problems 234
Disease Genesis 234
Clinical Signs 234
Pathology and Treatment 235
Genera with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 235
Achillea L. 235
Ageratum L. 235
Ambrosia L. 236
Anthemis L. 237
Chrysothamnus 237
Cichorium L. 237
Conyza Less. 237
Erechtites Raf. 238
Ericameria Nutt. 238
Eupatorium L. 239
Florestina Cass. 239
Helianthus L. 240
Lactuca L. 240
Laënnecia Cass. 241
Silybum Adans. 241
Tanacetum L. 242
Vernonia Schreb. 242
References 242
Chapter Fourteen: Berberidaceae Juss. 265
Berberis L. 265
Taxonomy and Morphology 265
Distribution and Habitat 266
Disease Problems 266
Disease Genesis 266
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 267
Mahonia 267
Nandina Thunb. 267
Taxonomy and Morphology 267
Distribution and Habitat 267
Disease Problems and Genesis 268
Clinical Signs 268
Pathology and Treatment 269
Podophyllum L. 269
Taxonomy and Morphology 269
Distribution and Habitat 269
Disease Problems 270
Disease Genesis 270
Clinical Signs 271
Pathology 272
Treatment 272
References 272
Chapter Fifteen: Boraginaceae Juss. 274
Amsinckia Lehm. 275
Taxonomy and Morphology 275
Distribution and Habitat 275
Disease Problems 276
Disease Genesis 276
Clinical Signs 277
Pathology and Treatment 277
Cynoglossum L. 277
Taxonomy and Morphology 277
Distribution and Habitat 277
Disease Problems 278
Disease Genesis 278
Clinical Signs 279
Pathology 279
Treatment 279
Echium L. 280
Taxonomy and Morphology 280
Distribution and Habitat 280
Disease Problems 281
Disease Genesis 281
Clinical Signs 281
Pathology and Treatment 281
Heliotropium L. 281
Taxonomy and Morphology 281
Distribution and Habitat 282
Disease Problems 282
Disease Genesis 283
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 283
Symphytum L. 283
Taxonomy and Morphology 283
Distribution and Habitat 284
Disease Problems 284
Disease Genesis 284
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 285
Genera with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 285
Borago L. 285
Hackelia Opiz 285
Mertensia Roth 286
Myosotis L. 286
References 286
Chapter Sixteen: Brassicaceae Burnett 290
Disease Problems 291
Digestive Disturbance 291
Thyroid Enlargement/Goiter 292
Disease Genesis 292
Berteroa DC. 295
Taxonomy and Morphology 295
Distribution and Habitat 295
Disease Problems and Genesis 295
Clinical Signs 296
Pathology 296
Treatment 296
Brassica L. 296
Taxonomy and Morphology 296
Distribution and Habitat 297
Disease Problems 298
Descurainia Webb & Berthel.
Taxonomy and Morphology 303
Distribution and Habitat 304
Disease Problems 304
Disease Genesis 304
Clinical Signs and Pathology 305
Treatment 305
Erysimum L. 305
Taxonomy and Morphology 305
Distribution and Habitat 305
Disease Problems and Genesis 306
Sinapis L. 307
Taxonomy and Morphology 307
Distribution and Habitat 307
Disease Problems, Genesis, Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 307
Thlaspi L. 307
Taxonomy and Morphology 307
Distribution and Habitat 308
Disease Problems 308
Disease Genesis 308
Clinical Signs 309
Pathology 309
Treatment 309
Genera with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 309
Crambe L. 309
Raphanus L. 309
Stanleya Nutt. 310
References 310
Chapter Seventeen: Calycanthaceae Lindl. 316
Calycanthus L. 316
Taxonomy and Morphology 316
Distribution and Habitat 316
Disease Problems 317
Disease Genesis 317
Clinical Signs 318
Pathology 318
Treatment 318
References 318
Chapter Eighteen: Campanulaceae Juss. 319
Lobelia L. 319
Taxonomy and Morphology 319
Distribution and Habitat 320
Disease Problems 320
Disease Genesis 320
Clinical Signs 321
Pathology 321
Treatment 321
References 322
Chapter Nineteen: Cannabaceae Endl. 323
Cannabis L. 323
Taxonomy and Morphology 323
Distribution and Habitat 324
Disease Problems 324
Disease Genesis 325
Clinical Signs 325
Pathology and Treatment 326
References 326
Chapter Twenty: Caprifoliaceae Juss. 327
Lonicera L. 327
Taxonomy and Morphology 327
Distribution and Habitat 328
Disease Problems 328
Disease Genesis 328
Clinical Signs and Treatment 329
Genus with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 329
Symphoricarpos Duhamel 329
References 329
Chapter Twenty-One: Caryophyllaceae Juss. 331
Agrostemma L. 332
Taxonomy and Morphology 332
Distribution and Habitat 332
Disease Problems 332
Disease Genesis 333
Clinical Signs 333
Pathology 334
Treatment 334
Drymaria Willd. & Schult.
Taxonomy and Morphology 334
Distribution and Habitat 334
Disease Problems 335
Disease Genesis 335
Clinical Signs 336
Pathology 336
Treatment 336
Saponaria L. 336
Taxonomy and Morphology 336
Distribution and Habitat 337
Disease Problems 337
Disease Genesis 337
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 337
Vaccaria Wolf 337
Taxonomy and Morphology 337
Distribution and Habitat 338
Disease Problems 338
Disease Genesis 338
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 339
References 339
Chapter Twenty-Two: Celastraceae R.Br. 341
Celastrus L. 341
Taxonomy and Morphology 341
Distribution and Habitat 342
Disease Problems and Genesis 342
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 342
Euonymus L. 343
Taxonomy and Morphology 343
Distribution and Habitat 343
Disease Problems 343
Disease Genesis 344
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 345
References 345
Chapter Twenty-Three: Chenopodiaceae Vent. 346
Disease Problems 347
Bassia All. 348
Taxonomy and Morphology 348
Distribution and Habitat 348
Disease Problems 348
Disease Genesis 349
Clinical Signs 349
Pathology 349
Treatment 349
Beta L. 349
Taxonomy and Morphology 349
Distribution and Habitat 350
Disease Problems 350
Disease Genesis 350
Clinical Signs 351
Pathology 351
Treatment 351
Chenopodium L. 351
Taxonomy and Morphology 351
Distribution and Habitat 352
Disease Problems 352
Disease Genesis 353
Clinical Sign 353
Pathology 353
Treatment 353
Halogeton C.A.Mey. 353
Taxonomy and Morphology 353
Distribution and Habitat 354
Disease Problems 355
Disease Genesis 355
Clinical Signs 356
Pathology 357
Treatment 357
Kochia Roth 357
Taxonomy and Morphology 357
Distribution and Habitat 358
Disease Problems 358
Salsola L. 361
Taxonomy and Morphology 361
Distribution and Habitat 362
Disease Problems 363
Disease Genesis 363
Clinical Signs 363
Pathology 363
Treatment 363
Sarcobatus Nees 364
Taxonomy and Morphology 364
Distribution and Habitat 364
Disease Problems 364
Disease Genesis 365
Clinical Signs 365
Pathology 365
Treatment 365
Suckleya A.Gray 365
Taxonomy and Morphology 365
Distribution and Habitat 366
Disease Problems 366
Disease Genesis 366
Clinical Signs 367
Pathology 367
Treatment 367
Genera with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 367
Atriplex L. 367
Monolepis Schrad. 367
References 368
Chapter Twenty-Four: Convolvulaceae Juss. 373
Convolvulus L. 373
Taxonomy and Morphology 373
Distribution and Habitat 374
Disease Problems 374
Disease Genesis 375
Clinical Signs 375
Pathology and Treatment 375
Ipomoea L. 375
Taxonomy and Morphology 375
Distribution and Habitat 376
Disease Problems 376
Genus with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 380
Cuscuta L. 380
References 381
Chapter Twenty-Five: Coriariaceae DC. 384
Coriaria L. 384
Taxonomy and Morphology 384
Distribution and Habitat 384
Disease Problems 385
Disease Genesis 385
Clinical Signs and Pathology 386
Treatment 386
References 386
Chapter Twenty-Six: Crassulaceae DC. 388
Cotyledon L. 388
Taxonomy and Morphology 388
Distribution and Habitat 389
Disease Problems and Genesis 389
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 389
Kalanchoe Adans. 389
Taxonomy and Morphology 389
Distribution and Habitat 390
Disease Problems 390
Disease Genesis 391
Clinical Signs 392
Pathology 392
Treatment 392
Genera with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 392
Crassula L. 392
Sedum L. 393
References 393
Chapter Twenty-Seven: Cucurbitaceae Juss. 395
Bryonia L. 395
Taxonomy and Morphology 395
Distribution and Habitat 396
Disease Problems 396
Disease Genesis 396
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 397
Cucurbita L. 397
Taxonomy and Morphology 397
Distribution and Habitat 397
Disease Problems 398
Disease Genesis 398
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 399
Momordica L. 399
Taxonomy and Morphology 399
Distribution and Habitat 399
Disease Problems 399
Disease Genesis 400
Clinical Signs 400
Pathology and Treatment 400
Genus with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 401
Cucumis L. 401
References 401
Chapter Twenty-Eight: Cupressaceae Bartl. 403
Cupressus L. 403
Taxonomy and Morphology 403
Distribution and Habitat 404
Disease Problems 404
Disease Genesis 404
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 404
Juniperus L. 404
Taxonomy and Morphology 404
Distribution and Habitat 405
Disease Problems 406
Disease Genesis 406
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 407
References 407
Chapter Twenty-Nine: Cycadaceae L. 410
Cycas L. 410
Taxonomy and Morphology 410
Distribution and Habitat 411
Disease Problems 411
Disease Genesis 412
Clinical Signs 414
Pathology 415
Treatment 415
References 415
Chapter Thirty: Dennstaedtiaceae Ching 418
Pteridium Gled. ex Scop. 418
Taxonomy and Morphology 418
Distribution and Habitat 418
Disease Problems 419
Disease Genesis 422
Clinical Signs 424
Pathology 425
Treatment 425
References 426
Chapter Thirty-One: Ebenaceae Gürke 431
Diospyros L. 431
Taxonomy and Morphology 431
Distribution and Habitat 432
Disease Problems 432
Disease Genesis 433
Clinical Signs 434
Pathology 435
Treatment 435
References 435
Chapter Thirty-Two: Equisetaceae Michx. ex DC. 438
Equisetum L. 438
Taxonomy and Morphology 438
Distribution and Habitat 439
Disease Problems 440
Disease Genesis 440
Clinical Signs 440
Pathology 441
Treatment 441
References 441
Chapter Thirty-Three: Ericaceae Juss. 442
Disease Problems 442
Disease Genesis 444
Clinical Signs 446
Pathology 447
Treatment 447
Andromeda L. 447
Taxonomy and Morphology 447
Distribution and Habitat 447
Eubotrys 447
Kalmia L. 448
Taxonomy and Morphology 448
Distribution and Habitat 448
Ledum 449
Leucothoë D.Don & Eubotrys Nutt.
Taxonomy and Morphology 449
Distribution and Habitat 449
Lyonia Nutt. 450
Taxonomy and Morphology 450
Distribution and Habitat 450
Menziesia Sm. 450
Taxonomy and Morphology 450
Distribution and Habitat 451
Pieris D.Don 451
Taxonomy and Morphology 451
Distribution and Habitat 452
Rhododendron L. 452
Taxonomy and Morphology 452
Distribution and Habitat 453
References 454
Chapter Thirty-Four: Euphorbiaceae Juss. 458
Disease Problems 459
Disease Genesis 459
Acalypha L. 460
Taxonomy and Morphology 460
Distribution and Habitat 460
Disease Problems and Genesis 460
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 461
Aleurites J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. &
Taxonomy and Morphology 461
Distribution and Habitat 461
Disease Problems 462
Disease Genesis 462
Clinical Signs 462
Pathology 463
Treatment 463
Chamaesyce 463
Cnidoscolus Pohl 463
Taxonomy and Morphology 463
Distribution and Habitat 464
Disease Problems and Genesis 464
Clinical Signs 465
Treatment 465
Croton L. 465
Taxonomy and Morphology 465
Distribution and Habitat 466
Disease Problems and Genesis 466
Clinical Signs and Treatment 467
Eremocarpus 467
Euphorbia L. 467
Taxonomy and Morphology 467
Distribution and Habitat 468
Disease Problems 469
Disease Genesis 471
Clinical Signs and Pathology 472
Treatment 472
Hippomane L. 472
Taxonomy and Morphology 472
Distribution and Habitat 472
Disease Problems 473
Disease Genesis 473
Clinical Signs and Pathology 473
Treatment 473
Hura L. 473
Taxonomy and Morphology 473
Distribution and Habitat 474
Disease Problems and Genesis 474
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 474
Jatropha L. 474
Taxonomy and Morphology 474
Distribution and Habitat 475
Disease Problems 475
Disease Genesis 476
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 476
Manihot Mill. 477
Taxonomy and Morphology 477
Distribution and Habitat 477
Disease Problems 477
Disease Genesis 478
Clinical Signs and Pathology 479
Treatment 479
Mercurialis L. 479
Taxonomy and Morphology 479
Distribution and Habitat 480
Disease Problems and Genesis 480
Clinical Signs 480
Pathology 480
Treatment 480
Phyllanthus L. 480
Reutealis 480
Reverchonia 480
Ricinus L. 481
Taxonomy and Morphology 481
Distribution and Habitat 481
Disease Problems 482
Disease Genesis 483
Clinical Signs 485
Pathology 485
Treatment 485
Sapium 486
Stillingia Garden ex L. 486
Taxonomy and Morphology 486
Distribution and Habitat 486
Disease Problems and Genesis 486
Clinical Signs and Pathology 487
Treatment 487
Synadenium Boiss. 487
Taxonomy and Morphology 487
Distribution and Habitat 488
Disease Problems and Genesis 488
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 488
Tragia L. 488
Taxonomy and Morphology 488
Distribution and Habitat 488
Disease Problems 489
Disease Genesis 489
Clinical Signs 489
Treatment 489
Triadica Lour. 489
Taxonomy and Morphology 489
Distribution and Habitat 490
Disease Problems and Genesis 490
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 490
Vernicia 490
Genera with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 490
Codiaeum A.Juss. 490
Pedilanthus Neck. ex Poit. 491
References 491
Chapter Thirty-Five: Fabaceae Lindl. 499
Abrus Adans. 500
Taxonomy and Morphology 500
Distribution and Habitat 500
Disease Problems 501
Disease Genesis 502
Clinical Signs 503
Pathology 503
Treatment 503
Acacia Mill. 503
Taxonomy and Morphology 503
Distribution and Habitat 504
Disease Problems 504
Albizia Durazz. 507
Taxonomy and Morphology 507
Distribution and Habitat 508
Disease Problems 509
Disease Genesis 509
Clinical Signs 509
Pathology and Treatment 510
Astragalus L. 510
Taxonomy and Morphology 510
Distribution and Habitat 511
Disease Problems 512
Baptisia Vent. 535
Taxonomy and Morphology 535
Distribution and Habitat 535
Disease Problems 536
Disease Genesis 536
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 536
Caesalpinia L. 537
Taxonomy and Morphology 537
Distribution and Habitat 537
Disease Problems 537
Disease Genesis 538
Clinical Signs and Treatment 538
Calia 538
Canavalia DC. 538
Taxonomy and Morphology 538
Distribution and Habitat 538
Disease Problems 539
Disease Genesis 539
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 540
Cassia L. 540
Taxonomy and Morphology 540
Distribution and Habitat 541
Disease Problems and Genesis 541
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 541
Chamaecrista (L.) Moench 541
Taxonomy and Morphology 541
Distribution and Habitat 542
Disease Problems and Genesis 542
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 542
Coronilla 542
Crotalaria L. 543
Taxonomy and Morphology 543
Distribution and Habitat 543
Disease Problems 544
Disease Genesis 545
Clinical Signs 548
Pathology 548
Treatment 549
Cytisus L. & Genista L. &
Taxonomy and Morphology 549
Distribution and Habitat 550
Disease Problems 550
Disease Genesis 551
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 551
Erythrina L. 551
Taxonomy and Morphology 551
Distribution and Habitat 552
Disease Problems 553
Disease Genesis 553
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 554
Galega L. 554
Taxonomy and Morphology 554
Distribution and Habitat 555
Disease Problems 555
Disease Genesis 556
Clinical Signs 556
Pathology 556
Treatment 556
Genista 556
Glottidium 556
Gymnocladus Lam. 556
Taxonomy and Morphology 556
Distribution and Habitat 557
Disease Problems 557
Disease Genesis 557
Clinical Signs 558
Pathology and Treatment 558
Indigofera L. 558
Taxonomy and Morphology 558
Distribution and Habitat 559
Disease Problems 559
Disease Genesis 559
Clinical Signs 560
Pathology 560
Treatment 560
Laburnum Fabr. 561
Taxonomy and Morphology 561
Distribution and Habitat 561
Disease Problems 561
Disease Genesis 562
Clinical Signs 563
Pathology and Treatment 563
Lathyrus L. 563
Taxonomy and Morphology 563
Distribution and Habitat 564
Disease Problems 564
Disease Genesis 566
Clinical Signs 569
Pathology 570
Treatment 570
Leucaena Benth. 571
Taxonomy and Morphology 571
Distribution and Habitat 571
Disease Problems 571
Disease Genesis 572
Clinical Signs 573
Pathology 573
Treatment 573
Lotus L. 573
Taxonomy and Morphology 573
Distribution and Habitat 574
Disease Problems 574
Disease Genesis 574
Clinical Signs 575
Pathology 575
Treatment 575
Lupinus L. 575
Taxonomy and Morphology 575
Distribution and Habitat 577
Disease Problems 577
Disease Genesis 578
Clinical Signs 583
Pathology 584
Treatment 584
Medicago L. 584
Taxonomy and Morphology 584
Distribution and Habitat 584
Disease Problems 585
Melilotus Mill. 590
Taxonomy and Morphology 590
Distribution and Habitat 591
Disease Problems 591
Disease Genesis 592
Clinical Signs 593
Pathology 593
Treatment 593
Oxytropis DC. 594
Taxonomy and Morphology 594
Distribution and Habitat 594
Disease Problems 595
Disease Genesis 597
Clinical Signs and Pathology 598
Treatment 598
Pisum L. 598
Taxonomy and Morphology 598
Distribution and Habitat 599
Disease Problems 599
Disease Genesis 599
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 600
Prosopis L. 600
Taxonomy and Morphology 600
Distribution and Habitat 601
Disease Problems 601
Disease Genesis 602
Clinical Signs 602
Pathology 603
Treatment 603
Robinia L. 603
Taxonomy and Morphology 603
Distribution and Habitat 604
Disease Problems 604
Disease Genesis 605
Clinical Signs 605
Pathology and Treatment 606
Securigera DC. 606
Taxonomy and Morphology 606
Distribution and Habitat 606
Disease Problems 607
Disease Genesis 607
Clinical Signs 608
Pathology and Treatment 608
Senna Mill. 608
Taxonomy and Morphology 608
Distribution and Habitat 609
Disease Problems 610
Disease Genesis 611
Clinical Signs 612
Pathology 612
Treatment 612
Sesbania Scop. 612
Taxonomy and Morphology 612
Distribution and Habitat 614
Disease Problems 615
Disease Genesis 616
Clinical Signs 617
Pathology 617
Treatment 617
Sophora L. & Calia Terán &
Taxonomy and Morphology 617
Distribution and Habitat 618
Disease Problems 619
Disease Genesis 621
Clinical Signs 623
Pathology and Treatment 623
Spartium 623
Styphnolobium 623
Thermopsis R.Br. ex W.T.Aiton 623
Taxonomy and Morphology 623
Distribution and Habitat 624
Disease Problems 624
Disease Genesis 624
Clinical Signs 625
Pathology 625
Treatment 625
Trifolium L. 625
Taxonomy and Morphology 625
Distribution and Habitat 626
Disease Problems 627
Vicia L. 633
Taxonomy and Morphology 633
Distribution and Habitat 633
Disease Problems 634
Wisteria Nutt. 636
Taxonomy and Morphology 636
Distribution and Habitat 637
Disease Problems 637
Disease Genesis 637
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 638
Genera with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 638
Bituminaria 638
Cullen 638
Desmanthus Willd. 638
Hoita 638
Mimosa L. 638
Mucuna Adans. 639
Pachyrhizus Rich. ex DC. 639
Pediomelium 639
Phaseolus L. 639
Psoralea L. and Related Genera 640
Psoralidium 641
Tephrosia Pers. 641
References 641
Chapter Thirty-Six: Fagaceae Dumort 683
Fagus L. 683
Taxonomy and Morphology 683
Distribution and Habitat 684
Disease Problems 684
Disease Genesis 684
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 684
Quercus L. 685
Taxonomy and Morphology 685
Distribution and Habitat 685
Disease Problems 686
Disease Genesis 687
Clinical Signs 691
Pathology 692
Treatment 692
References 693
Chapter Thirty-Seven: Fumariaceae L. 698
Disease Problems and Genesis 698
Corydalis DC. 700
Taxonomy and Morphology 700
Distribution and Habitat 701
Disease Problems 701
Disease Genesis 701
Clinical Signs 702
Pathology and Treatment 702
Dicentra Bernh. 703
Taxonomy and Morphology 703
Distribution and Habitat 703
Disease Problems 704
Disease Genesis 704
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 704
Fumaria L. 704
Taxonomy and Morphology 704
Distribution and Habitat 705
Disease Problems and Genesis 705
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 705
References 706
Chapter Thirty-Eight: Gelsemiaceae (G.Don) Struwe & V.A.Albert
Gelsemium Juss. 708
Taxonomy and Morphology 708
Distribution and Habitat 708
Disease Problems 708
Disease Genesis 710
Clinical Signs 711
Treatment 711
References 711
Chapter Thirty-Nine: Ginkgoaceae Engl. 713
Ginkgo L. 713
Taxonomy and Morphology 713
Distribution and Habitat 713
Disease Problems 714
Disease Genesis 715
Clinical Signs and Pathology 716
Treatment 716
References 716
Chapter Forty: Hypericaceae Juss. 718
Hypericum L. 718
Taxonomy and Morphology 718
Distribution and Habitat 719
Disease Problems 720
Disease Genesis 720
Clinical Signs 722
Pathology 722
Treatment 722
References 722
Chapter Forty-One: Iridaceae Juss. 725
Gladiolus L. 725
Taxonomy and Morphology 725
Distribution and Habitat 726
Disease Problems and Genesis 726
Clinical Signs 726
Pathology 726
Treatment 726
Iris L. 726
Taxonomy and Morphology 726
Distribution and Habitat 727
Disease Problems 727
Disease Genesis 727
Clinical Signs 727
Pathology 728
Treatment 728
Genus with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 728
Crocus L. 728
References 728
Chapter Forty-Two: Juglandaceae A.Rich. ex Kunth 730
Juglans L. 730
Taxonomy and Morphology 730
Distribution and Habitat 730
Disease Problems 731
Disease Genesis 731
Clinical Signs 732
Pathology 732
Treatment 732
References 733
Chapter Forty-Three: Juncaginaceae Rich. 735
Triglochin L. 735
Taxonomy and Morphology 735
Distribution and Habitat 736
Disease Problems 736
Disease Genesis 737
Clinical Signs 737
Pathology and Treatment 737
References 737
Chapter Forty-Four: Lamiaceae Martinov 739
Galeopsis L. 739
Taxonomy and Morphology 739
Distribution and Habitat 740
Disease Problems and Genesis 740
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 740
Glechoma L. 740
Taxonomy and Morphology 740
Distribution and Habitat 741
Disease Problems and Genesis 741
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 741
Lamium L. 741
Taxonomy and Morphology 741
Distribution and Habitat 742
Disease Problems and Genesis 742
Clinical Signs 743
Pathology and Treatment 743
Perilla L. 743
Taxonomy and Morphology 743
Distribution and Habitat 743
Disease Problems 744
Disease Genesis 744
Clinical Signs 745
Pathology 745
Treatment 746
Salvia L. 746
Taxonomy and Morphology 746
Distribution and Habitat 746
Disease Problems 746
Disease Genesis 747
Clinical Signs 747
Pathology 747
Treatment 747
Stachys L. 747
Taxonomy and Morphology 747
Distribution and Habitat 748
Disease Problems 748
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 748
Genus with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 748
Hedeoma Pers. 748
References 749
Chapter Forty-Five: Lauraceae Juss. 751
Cinnamomum Schaeff. 751
Taxonomy and Morphology 751
Distribution and Habitat 752
Disease Problems and Genesis 752
Clinical Signs 752
Pathology 752
Treatment 752
Persea Mill. 752
Taxonomy and Morphology 752
Distribution and Habitat 753
Disease Problems 753
Disease Genesis 754
Clinical Signs 755
Pathology 755
Treatment 755
Genera with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 755
Cassytha L. 755
Sassafras Nees 756
Umbellularia (Nees) Nutt. 756
References 757
Chapter Forty-Six: Liliaceae Juss. 759
Allium L. 761
Taxonomy and Morphology 761
Distribution and Habitat 762
Disease Problems 762
Disease Genesis 763
Clinical Signs 764
Pathology 765
Treatment 765
Amianthium A.Gray 765
Taxonomy and Morphology 765
Distribution and Habitat 766
Disease Problems and Genesis 766
Clinical Signs 766
Pathology and Treatment 767
Bowiea Harv. & Hook.f.
Taxonomy and Morphology 767
Distribution and Habitat 767
Disease Problems and Genesis 767
Clinical Signs and Pathology 767
Treatment 768
Colchicum L. 768
Taxonomy and Morphology 768
Distribution and Habitat 768
Disease Problems 768
Disease Genesis 769
Clinical Signs 770
Pathology 770
Treatment 770
Convallaria L. 770
Taxonomy and Morphology 770
Distribution and Habitat 771
Disease Problems 771
Disease Genesis 771
Clinical Signs 772
Pathology and Treatment 772
Cooperia 772
Fritillaria L. 772
Taxonomy and Morphology 772
Distribution and Habitat 773
Disease Problems 773
Disease Genesis 773
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 774
Gloriosa L. 774
Taxonomy and Morphology 774
Distribution and Habitat 774
Disease Problems and Genesis 775
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 775
Hemerocallis L. 775
Taxonomy and Morphology 775
Distribution and Habitat 776
Disease Problems 776
Disease Genesis 776
Clinical Signs 776
Pathology 777
Treatment 777
Hyacinthoides Heist. ex Fabr. 777
Taxonomy and Morphology 777
Distribution and Habitat 777
Disease Problems and Genesis 778
Clinical Signs 778
Pathology and Treatment 778
Hyacinthus L. 778
Taxonomy and Morphology 778
Distribution and Habitat 779
Disease Problems and Genesis 779
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 779
Lilium L. 779
Taxonomy and Morphology 779
Distribution and Habitat 780
Disease Problems 780
Disease Genesis 781
Clinical Signs 781
Pathology 781
Treatment 781
Narcissus L. 781
Taxonomy and Morphology 781
Distribution and Habitat 782
Disease Problems 782
Disease Genesis 783
Clinical Signs 784
Pathology and Treatment 784
Ornithogalum L. 784
Taxonomy and Morphology 784
Distribution and Habitat 784
Disease Problems 785
Disease Genesis 785
Clinical Signs 785
Pathology 786
Treatment 786
Tulipa L. 786
Taxonomy and Morphology 786
Distribution and Habitat 786
Disease Problems 786
Disease Genesis 787
Clinical Signs 787
Pathology and Treatment 788
Urginea Steinh. 788
Taxonomy and Morphology 788
Distribution and Habitat 788
Disease Problems 788
Disease Genesis 789
Clinical Signs and Pathology 789
Treatment 789
Veratrum L. 789
Taxonomy and Morphology 789
Distribution and Habitat 790
Disease Problems 790
Disease Genesis 791
Clinical Signs 794
Pathology 795
Treatment 795
Zephyranthes Herb. 795
Taxonomy and Morphology 795
Distribution and Habitat 795
Disease Problems 796
Zigadenus Michx. 797
Taxonomy and Morphology 797
Distribution and Habitat 799
Disease Problems 799
Disease Genesis 800
Clinical Signs 801
Pathology 801
Treatment 802
Genera with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 802
Aletris L. 802
Asparagus L. 802
Erythronium L. 803
Melanthium L. 803
Pleea Michx. 803
Polygonatum Mill. 803
Trillium L. 804
References 804
Chapter Forty-Seven: Linaceae DC. ex Perleb. 816
Linum L. 816
Taxonomy and Morphology 816
Distribution and Habitat 817
Disease Problems 817
Disease Genesis 818
Clinical Signs 818
Pathology 819
Treatment 819
References 819
Chapter Forty-Eight: Malvaceae Juss. 820
Abutilon Mill. 820
Taxonomy and Morphology 820
Distribution and Habitat 821
Disease Problems 821
Disease Genesis 821
Clinical Signs 822
Pathology and Treatment 822
Gossypium L. 822
Taxonomy and Morphology 822
Distribution and Habitat 822
Disease Problems 823
Disease Genesis 823
Clinical Signs 826
Pathology 826
Treatment 826
Malva L. 827
Taxonomy and Morphology 827
Distribution and Habitat 827
Disease Problems 827
Disease Genesis 828
Clinical Signs 828
Pathology and Treatment 828
Modiola Moench 828
Taxonomy and Morphology 828
Distribution and Habitat 829
Disease Problems and Genesis 829
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 829
Genera with Species of Questionable Risk or Significance 829
Malvella Jaub. & Spach
Sida L. 829
References 830
Chapter Forty-Nine: Meliaceae Juss. 833
Melia L. 833
Taxonomy and Morphology 833
Distribution and Habitat 833
Disease Problems 833
Disease Genesis 835
Clinical Signs 836
Pathology 836
Treatment 836
References 836
Chapter Fifty: Nitrariaceae Lindl. 838
Peganum L. 838
Taxonomy and Morphology 838
Distribution and Habitat 838
Disease Problems 839
Disease Genesis 840
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 841
References 841
Chapter Fifty-One: Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link
Ligustrum L. 844
Taxonomy and Morphology 844
Distribution and Habitat 845
Disease Problems 845
Disease Genesis 846
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 846
Genera with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 846
Fraxinus L. 846
Jasminum L. 847
References 847
Chapter Fifty-Two: Oxalidaceae R.Br. 848
Oxalis L. 848
Taxonomy and Morphology 848
Distribution and Habitat 849
Disease Problems 849
Disease Genesis 850
Clinical Signs 850
Pathology 850
Treatment 851
References 851
Chapter Fifty-Three: Papaveraceae Juss. 852
Disease Genesis 852
Argemone L. 854
Taxonomy and Morphology 854
Distribution and Habitat 854
Disease Problems 855
Disease Genesis 855
Clinical Signs 856
Pathology 856
Treatment 856
Chelidonium L. 856
Taxonomy and Morphology 856
Distribution and Habitat 856
Disease Problems and Genesis 857
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 858
Eschscholzia Cham. 858
Taxonomy and Morphology 858
Distribution and Habitat 858
Disease Problems 858
Disease Genesis 859
Glaucium Mill. 859
Taxonomy and Morphology 859
Distribution and Habitat 860
Disease Problems and Genesis 860
Papaver L. 860
Taxonomy and Morphology 860
Distribution and Habitat 860
Disease Problems 861
Disease Genesis 861
Clinical Signs 863
Pathology and Treatment 863
Genera with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 863
Sanguinaria L. 863
Stylophorum Nutt. 864
References 864
Chapter Fifty-Four: Phyllanthaceae Martinov 868
Phyllanthus L. 868
Taxonomy and Morphology 868
Distribution and Habitat 869
Disease Problems 869
Disease Genesis 870
Clinical Signs 870
Pathology 870
Treatment 871
Reverchonia 871
References 871
Chapter Fifty-Five: Phytolaccaceae R.Br. 872
Phytolacca L. 872
Taxonomy and Morphology 872
Distribution and Habitat 872
Disease Problems 873
Disease Genesis 874
Clinical Signs 875
Pathology 875
Treatment 875
References 876
Chapter Fifty-Six: Pinaceae Lindl. 878
Pinus L. 878
Taxonomy and Morphology 878
Distribution and Habitat 879
Disease Problems 879
Disease Genesis 881
Clinical Signs 883
Pathology 883
Treatment 883
References 883
Chapter Fifty-Seven: Plantaginaceae Juss. 886
Digitalis L. 886
Taxonomy and Morphology 886
Distribution and Habitat 887
Disease Problems 887
Disease Genesis 888
Clinical Signs 889
Pathology 890
Treatment 890
Genera with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 891
Linaria Mill. 891
Penstemon Schmidel 892
Veronica L. 892
References 892
Chapter Fifty-Eight: Poaceae Barnhart 896
Disease Problems Associated with Grasses 897
Disease Problems 898
Clinical Signs 898
Treatment 898
Disease Problems 898
Disease Genesis 899
Clinical Signs 900
Pathology 900
Treatment 900
Disease Problems 901
Disease Genesis 902
Clinical Signs 903
Pathology 903
Treatment 903
Disease Problems 904
Disease Genesis 904
Clinical Signs and Pathology 905
Treatment 905
Disease Problems and Genesis 905
Clinical Signs and Pathology 905
Treatment 905
Disease Problems and Genesis 905
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 907
Achnatherum P.Beauv. & Nassella (Trin.) E.Desv.
Taxonomy and Morphology 914
Distribution and Habitat 915
Disease Problems 915
Disease Genesis 916
Clinical Signs and Pathology 916
Treatment 916
Anthoxanthum L. 916
Taxonomy and Morphology 916
Distribution and Habitat 917
Disease Problems 917
Disease Genesis 918
Clinical Signs and Pathology 918
Treatment 918
Avena L. 918
Taxonomy and Morphology 918
Distribution and Habitat 919
Cynodon Rich. 920
Taxonomy and Morphology 920
Distribution and Habitat 920
Disease Problems 921
Festuca 924
Glyceria R.Br. 924
Taxonomy and Morphology 924
Distribution and Habitat 924
Disease Problems 925
Disease Genesis 925
Clinical Signs 926
Pathology 926
Treatment 926
Hilaria Kunth 926
Taxonomy and Morphology 926
Distribution and Habitat 926
Disease Problems and Genesis 926
Clinical Signs 927
Pathology 927
Treatment 927
Lolium L. 927
Taxonomy and Morphology 927
Distribution and Habitat 928
Disease Problems 928
Panicum L. 934
Taxonomy and Morphology 934
Distribution and Habitat 934
Disease Problems 935
Disease Genesis 936
Clinical Signs 937
Pathology 937
Treatment 937
Paspalum L. 937
Taxonomy and Morphology 937
Distribution and Habitat 938
Disease Problems 939
Disease Genesis 939
Clinical Signs 940
Pathology 940
Treatment 940
Pennisetum Rich. 940
Taxonomy and Morphology 940
Distribution and Habitat 941
Disease Problems and Genesis 942
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 942
Disease Problems and Genesis 942
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 942
Disease Problem, Genesis, Clinical Signs, and Pathology 943
Phalaris L. 943
Taxonomy and Morphology 943
Distribution and Habitat 944
Disease Problems and Disease Genesis 944
Schedonorus P.Beauv. 948
Taxonomy and Morphology 948
Distribution and Habitat 948
Disease Problems 949
Disease Genesis 951
Clinical Signs 954
Pathology 955
Treatment 955
Setaria P.Beauv. 957
Taxonomy and Morphology 957
Distribution and Habitat 958
Disease Problems 958
Sorghastrum Nash 959
Taxonomy and Morphology 959
Distribution and Habitat 960
Disease Problems and Genesis 960
Clinical Signs 960
Pathology and Treatment 960
Sorghum Moench 960
Taxonomy and Morphology 960
Distribution and Habitat 962
Disease Problems 963
Stipa 974
Triticum L. 974
Taxonomy and Morphology 974
Distribution and Habitat 974
Disease Problems and Genesis 975
Urochloa P.Beauv. 975
Distribution and Habitat 976
Disease Problems and Genesis 976
Zea L. 977
Taxonomy and Morphology 977
Distribution and Habitat 977
Disease Problems 977
Genera with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 979
Bambusa Schreb. 979
Brachiaria 979
Hordeum L. 980
References 980
Chapter Fifty-Nine: Polygonaceae Juss. 1006
Fagopyrum Mill. 1006
Taxonomy and Morphology 1006
Distribution and Habitat 1007
Disease Problems 1007
Disease Genesis 1007
Clinical Signs 1008
Pathology 1008
Treatment 1008
Polygonum L. & Persicaria (L.) Mill. &
Taxonomy and Morphology 1009
Distribution and Habitat 1009
Disease Problems and Genesis 1010
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 1011
Rheum L. 1011
Taxonomy and Morphology 1011
Distribution and Habitat 1011
Disease Problems 1011
Disease Genesis 1012
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 1012
Rumex L. 1012
Taxonomy and Morphology 1012
Distribution and Habitat 1013
Disease Problems 1014
Disease Genesis 1014
Clinical Signs 1015
Pathology 1015
Treatment 1015
References 1016
Chapter Sixty: Primulaceae Vent. 1018
Anagallis L. 1018
Taxonomy and Morphology 1018
Distribution and Habitat 1019
Disease Problems 1019
Disease Genesis 1020
Clinical Signs 1020
Pathology 1020
Treatment 1021
Cyclamen L. 1021
Taxonomy and Morphology 1021
Distribution and Habitat 1021
Disease Problems and Genesis 1021
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 1022
Primula L. 1022
Taxonomy and Morphology 1022
Distribution and Habitat 1022
Disease Problems 1022
Disease Genesis 1023
Clinical Signs 1023
Treatment 1023
References 1023
Chapter Sixty-One: Pteridaceae Rchb. 1025
Astrolepis D.M.Benham & Windham
Taxonomy and Morphology 1025
Distribution and Habitat 1026
Disease Problems 1027
Disease Genesis 1027
Clinical Signs 1027
Pathology and Treatment 1027
Cheilanthes Sw. 1027
Taxonomy and Morphology 1027
Distribution and Habitat 1027
Disease Problems 1028
Disease Genesis 1028
Clinical Signs 1028
Pathology 1028
Treatment 1029
Genus with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 1029
Pteris L. 1029
References 1029
Chapter Sixty-Two: Ranunculaceae Juss. 1030
Aconitum L. 1030
Taxonomy and Morphology 1030
Distribution and Habitat 1031
Disease Problems 1032
Disease Genesis 1033
Clinical Signs 1034
Pathology and Treatment 1034
Actaea L. 1034
Taxonomy and Morphology 1034
Distribution and Habitat 1035
Disease Problems and Genesis 1036
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 1036
Adonis L. 1036
Taxonomy and Morphology 1036
Distribution and Habitat 1036
Disease Problems 1037
Disease Genesis 1037
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 1038
Caltha L. 1038
Taxonomy and Morphology 1038
Distribution and Habitat 1038
Disease Problems 1039
Disease Genesis 1039
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 1039
Delphinium L. 1039
Taxonomy and Morphology 1039
Distribution and Habitat 1041
Disease Problems 1041
Disease Genesis 1043
Clinical Signs 1047
Pathology 1047
Treatment 1047
Helleborus L. 1048
Taxonomy and Morphology 1048
Distribution and Habitat 1049
Disease Problems 1049
Disease Genesis 1049
Clinical Signs 1049
Pathology 1049
Treatment 1050
Ranunculus L. 1050
Taxonomy and Morphology 1050
Distribution and Habitat 1050
Disease Problems 1051
Disease Genesis 1052
Clinical Signs 1052
Pathology 1052
Treatment 1052
Genera with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 1053
Anemone L. 1053
Clematis L. 1053
Hydrastis L. 1054
Thalictrum L. 1054
References 1055
Chapter Sixty-Three: Rhamnaceae Juss. 1063
Frangula Mill. 1063
Taxonomy and Morphology 1063
Distribution and Habitat 1064
Disease Problems 1064
Disease Genesis 1064
Clinical Signs 1064
Pathology and Treatment 1064
Karwinskia Zucc. 1065
Taxonomy and Morphology 1065
Distribution and Habitat 1065
Disease Problems 1065
Disease Genesis 1066
Clinical Signs 1067
Pathology 1068
Treatment 1068
Rhamnus L. 1068
Taxonomy and Morphology 1068
Distribution and Habitat 1069
Disease Problems and Disease Genesis 1069
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 1069
References 1069
Chapter Sixty-Four: Rosaceae Juss. 1072
Disease Problems 1072
Disease Genesis 1073
Clinical Signs 1082
Pathology 1084
Treatment 1084
Amelanchier Medik. 1085
Taxonomy and Morphology 1085
Distribution and Habitat 1086
Disease Problems and Genesis 1086
Cercocarpus Kunth 1086
Taxonomy and Morphology 1086
Distribution and Habitat 1087
Disease Problems 1087
Cotoneaster Medik. 1087
Taxonomy and Morphology 1087
Distribution and Habitat 1088
Disease Problems and Genesis 1088
Heteromeles M.Roem. 1088
Taxonomy and Morphology 1088
Distribution and Habitat 1089
Disease Problems and Genesis 1089
Malus Mill. 1090
Taxonomy and Morphology 1090
Distribution and Habitat 1090
Disease Problems and Genesis 1090
Clinical Signs and Treatment 1091
Photinia Lindl. 1091
Taxonomy and Morphology 1091
Distribution and Habitat 1091
Disease Problems and Genesis 1091
Prunus L. 1092
Taxonomy and Morphology 1092
Distribution and Habitat 1092
Disease Problems and Genesis 1093
Pyracantha Roem. 1093
Taxonomy and Morphology 1093
Distribution and Habitat 1094
Disease Problems and Genesis 1094
Rhodotypos Siebold & Zucc.
Taxonomy and Morphology 1094
Distribution and Habitat 1094
Disease Problems 1094
Genera with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 1094
Coleogyne Torr. 1094
Spiraea L. 1095
References 1095
Chapter Sixty-Five: Rubiaceae Juss. 1103
Cephalanthus L. 1103
Taxonomy and Morphology 1103
Distribution and Habitat 1104
Disease Problems 1104
Disease Genesis 1105
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 1105
References 1106
Chapter Sixty-Six: Rutaceae Juss. 1108
Ruta L. 1109
Taxonomy and Morphology 1109
Distribution and Habitat 1109
Disease Problems 1110
Disease Genesis 1110
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 1111
Thamnosma Torr. & Frém.
Taxonomy and Morphology 1111
Distribution and Habitat 1111
Disease Problems and Genesis 1112
Clinical Signs 1112
Pathology and Treatment 1113
Zanthoxylum L. 1113
Taxonomy and Morphology 1113
Distribution and Habitat 1114
Disease Problems 1114
Disease Genesis 1115
Clinical Signs and Pathology 1116
Treatment 1116
References 1116
Chapter Sixty-Seven: Sapindaceae Juss. 1118
Acer L. 1118
Taxonomy and Morphology 1118
Distribution and Habitat 1119
Disease Problems 1119
Disease Genesis 1120
Clinical Signs 1121
Pathology 1121
Treatment 1121
Aesculus L. 1121
Taxonomy and Morphology 1121
Distribution and Habitat 1122
Disease Problems 1123
Disease Genesis 1123
Clinical Signs 1124
Pathology and Treatment 1124
Blighia Koenig 1125
Taxonomy and Morphology 1125
Distribution and Habitat 1125
Disease Problems 1125
Disease Genesis 1126
Clinical Signs 1127
Pathology 1127
Treatment 1127
Sapindus L. 1128
Taxonomy and Morphology 1128
Distribution and Habitat 1128
Disease Problems and Genesis 1129
Clinical Signs and Treatment 1129
References 1129
Chapter Sixty-Eight: Scrophulariaceae Juss. 1133
Myoporum Banks & Sol. ex G.Forst.
Taxonomy and Morphology 1133
Distribution and Habitat 1134
Disease Problems 1134
Disease Genesis 1135
Clinical Signs 1135
Pathology 1135
Treatment 1135
Genera with Species of Questionable Risk or Significance 1135
Scrophularia L. 1135
Verbascum L. 1136
References 1136
Chapter Sixty-Nine: Solanaceae Juss. 1138
Disease Problems 1138
Brugmansia Pers. 1140
Taxonomy and Morphology 1140
Distribution and Habitat 1140
Disease Problems and Genesis 1141
Clinical Signs 1141
Pathology and Treatment 1141
Brunfelsia L. 1142
Taxonomy and Morphology 1142
Distribution and Habitat 1142
Disease Problems 1143
Disease Genesis 1143
Clinical Signs 1143
Pathology 1144
Treatment 1144
Capsicum L. 1144
Taxonomy and Morphology 1144
Distribution and Habitat 1144
Disease Problems 1145
Disease Genesis 1145
Clinical Signs 1146
Pathology 1146
Treatment 1146
Cestrum L. 1146
Taxonomy and Morphology 1146
Distribution and Habitat 1147
Disease Problems 1147
Disease Genesis 1148
Clinical Signs 1148
Pathology 1149
Treatment 1149
Datura L. 1149
Taxonomy and Morphology 1149
Distribution and Habitat 1149
Disease Problems 1150
Disease Genesis 1151
Clinical Signs 1153
Pathology 1154
Treatment 1154
Hyoscyamus L. 1154
Taxonomy and Morphology 1154
Distribution and Habitat 1155
Disease Problems 1155
Disease Genesis 1155
Clinical Signs 1156
Pathology and Treatment 1156
Lycium L. 1156
Taxonomy and Morphology 1156
Distribution and Habitat 1156
Disease Problems and Genesis 1157
Lycopersicon 1157
Nicotiana L. 1157
Taxonomy and Morphology 1157
Distribution and Habitat 1158
Disease Problems 1159
Disease Genesis 1159
Clinical Signs 1161
Pathology 1161
Treatment 1161
Solandra (L.) Sw. 1161
Taxonomy and Morphology 1161
Distribution and Habitat 1162
Disease Problems and Genesis 1162
Clinical Signs 1162
Pathology and Treatment 1163
Solanum L. 1163
Taxonomy and Morphology 1163
Distribution and Habitat 1165
Disease Problems 1165
Disease Genesis 1168
Clinical Signs 1172
Pathology 1173
Treatment 1173
Genera with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 1173
Nicandra Adans. 1173
Physalis L. 1173
References 1174
Chapter Seventy: Taxaceae A.Gray 1185
Taxus L. 1185
Taxonomy and Morphology 1185
Distribution and Habitat 1185
Disease Problems 1186
Disease Genesis 1187
Clinical Signs 1189
Pathology 1190
Treatment 1190
References 1191
Chapter Seventy-One: Thymelaeaceae Juss. 1194
Daphne L. 1194
Taxonomy and Morphology 1194
Distribution and Habitat 1195
Disease Problems 1195
Disease Genesis 1195
Clinical Signs 1196
Pathology and Treatment 1196
Dirca L. 1196
Taxonomy and Morphology 1196
Distribution and Habitat 1196
Disease Problems and Genesis 1196
Pimelea Banks & Sol. ex Gaertn.
Taxonomy and Morphology 1197
Distribution and Habitat 1197
Disease Problems and Genesis 1197
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 1198
References 1198
Chapter Seventy-Two: Urticaceae Juss. 1200
Disease Problems 1200
Disease Genesis 1202
Clinical Signs 1202
Treatment 1203
Laportea Gaudich. 1203
Taxonomy and Morphology 1203
Distribution and Habitat 1203
Urtica L. 1203
Taxonomy and Morphology 1203
Distribution and Habitat 1204
References 1204
Chapter Seventy-Three: Verbenaceae J.St.-Hil. 1206
Aloysia Palau 1206
Taxonomy and Morphology 1206
Distribution and Habitat 1207
Disease Problems and Genesis 1207
Clinical Signs 1207
Pathology and Treatment 1207
Duranta L. 1208
Taxonomy and Morphology 1208
Distribution and Habitat 1208
Disease Problems 1208
Disease Genesis 1208
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 1209
Lantana L. 1209
Taxonomy and Morphology 1209
Distribution and Habitat 1210
Disease Problems 1210
Disease Genesis 1211
Clinical Signs 1212
Pathology 1213
Treatment 1213
References 1213
Chapter Seventy-Four: Viscaceae Batsch 1217
Phoradendron Nutt. 1218
Taxonomy and Morphology 1218
Distribution and Habitat 1218
Disease Problems 1219
Disease Genesis 1220
Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Treatment 1221
References 1221
Chapter Seventy-Five: Zamiaceae Horan. 1223
Disease Problems 1223
Disease Genesis 1224
Clinical Signs 1225
Pathology 1226
Treatment 1226
Ceratozamia Brong. 1226
Taxonomy and Morphology 1226
Distribution and Habitat 1226
Dioön Lindl. 1226
Taxonomy and Morphology 1226
Distribution and Habitat 1226
Zamia L. 1227
Taxonomy and Morphology 1227
Distribution and Habitat 1227
References 1227
Chapter Seventy-Six: Zygophyllaceae R.Br. 1229
Kallstroemia Scop. 1229
Taxonomy and Morphology 1229
Distribution and Habitat 1230
Disease Problems 1230
Disease Genesis 1230
Clinical Signs 1231
Pathology and Treatment 1231
Larrea Cav. 1231
Taxonomy and Morphology 1231
Distribution and Habitat 1231
Disease Problems 1232
Disease Genesis 1232
Clinical Signs 1233
Pathology and Treatment 1234
Tribulus L. 1234
Taxonomy and Morphology 1234
Distribution and Habitat 1234
Disease Problems 1234
Disease Genesis 1235
Clinical Signs 1237
Pathology 1238
Treatment 1238
References 1238
Chapter Seventy-Seven: Families with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 1242
Aizoaceae Martinov 1242
Galenia L. 1243
Mesembryanthemum L. 1243
Tetragonia L. 1243
Trianthema L. 1244
Arecaceae Schultz Sch. 1244
Caryota L. 1244
Balsaminaceae A.Rich. 1244
Impatiens L. 1245
Begoniaceae C.Agardh 1245
Bignoniaceae Juss. 1245
Bignonia L. 1245
Campsis Lour. 1246
Crescentia L. 1246
Buxaceae Dumort. 1246
Buxus L. 1246
Cactaceae Juss. 1247
Opuntia Mill. 1247
Capparaceae 1247
Cistaceae Juss. 1248
Cistus L. 1248
Halimium (Dunal) Spach 1248
Cleomaceae Bercht. & J.Presl.
Cleome L. 1249
Wislizenia Engelm. 1249
Commelinaceae R.Br. 1249
Tradescantia L. 1250
Cornaceae Dumort. 1250
Cornus L. 1250
Corynocarpaceae Engl. 1250
Corynocarpus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
Cyperaceae Juss. 1251
Carex L. 1251
Cyperus L. 1252
Schoenoplectus (Rchb.) Palla 1252
Schoenus L. 1253
Datiscaceae Dumort. 1253
Datisca L. 1253
Droseraceae Salisb. 1254
Drosera L. 1254
Dryopteridaceae Herter 1254
Dryopteris Adans. 1255
Ephedraceae Dumort. 1256
Ephedra L. 1256
Garryaceae Lindl. 1256
Aucuba Thunb. 1257
Gentianaceae Juss. 1257
Centaurium Hill 1257
Geraniaceae Juss. 1258
Erodium L’Hér. ex Aiton 1258
Haemodoraceae R.Br. 1258
Lachnanthes Elliott 1258
Hydrangeaceae Dumort. 1259
Hydrangea L. 1259
Hydrophyllaceae R.Br. 1260
Phacelia Juss. 1260
Juncaceae Juss. 1260
Juncus L. 1260
Loganiaceae R.Br. ex Mart. 1261
Spigelia L. 1261
Strychnos L. 1262
Lythraceae J.St.-Hil. 1262
Lagerstroemia L. 1263
Melianthaceae Bercht. & J.Presl.
Melianthus L. 1263
Menispermaceae Juss. 1264
Cocculus L. 1264
Menispermum L. 1265
Menyanthaceae Dumort. 1265
Menyanthes L. 1265
Moraceae Link 1266
Maclura Nutt. 1266
Moringaceae Dumort. 1267
Moringa Adans. 1267
Myrtaceae Juss. 1267
Eucalyptus L’Hér. 1268
Nyctaginaceae Juss. 1268
Mirabilis L. 1268
Onocleaceae Pic.Serm. 1269
Matteuccia Tod. 1269
Onoclea L. 1269
Orobanchaceae Vent. 1270
Castilleja Mutis ex L.f. 1270
Pedicularis L. 1270
Pittosporaceae R.Br. 1271
Pittosporum Banks ex Sol. 1271
Plumbaginaceae Juss. 1271
Plumbago L. 1272
Polygalaceae R.Br. 1272
Polygala L. 1273
Portulacaceae Juss. 1273
Claytonia L. 1273
Portulaca L. 1274
Santalaceae R.Br. 1274
Pyrularia Michx. 1274
Simaroubaceae DC. 1275
Ailanthus Desf. 1275
Quassia L. 1276
Typhaceae Juss. 1276
Typha L. 1276
Vitaceae Juss. 1277
Parthenocissus Planch. 1277
References 1277
Chapter Seventy-Eight: Identification of Toxic Plants 1288
Floristic Treatments 1288
Nature of a Key 1288
Successful Use of a Key 1289
Diagnostic Characters of Families 1290
Apiaceae (Carrot Family) 1290
Apocynaceae (Milkweed or Dogbane Family) 1290
Araceae (Arum Family) 1290
Asteraceae (Sunflower Family) 1290
Boraginaceae (Forget-Me-Not Family) 1290
Brassicaceae (Mustard or Crucifer Family) 1290
Caryophyllaceae (Pink Family) 1291
Convolvulaceae (Morning-Glory Family) 1291
Cucurbitaceae (Gourd Family) 1291
Cupressaceae (Cypress Family) 1291
Equisetaceae (Horsetail Family) 1291
Ericaceae (Heath Family) 1291
Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) 1291
Fabaceae (Legume or Pea or Bean Family) 1291
Fagaceae (Beech or Oak Family) 1291
Lamiaceae (Mint Family) 1291
Liliaceae (Lily Family) 1291
Malvaceae (Mallow Family) 1291
Poaceae (Grass Family) 1291
Ranunculaceae (Buttercup or Crowfoot Family) 1291
Rosaceae (Rose Family) 1292
References 1292
Appendix A: Plant Taxa Listed by Their Principal Adverse Effects and Main Organs Affected 1293
Anemia: Hemolytic 1293
Blindness 1293
Cystitis 1293
Globus Pallidus/Substantia Nigra Necrosis 1293
Hair Loss, Severe 1293
Hallucinations 1293
Head Pressing/Pacing/Aimless Walking 1293
Hemorrhage 1294
Hepatic: Crystalloid Cholangiohepatopathy 1294
Hepatic: Necrosis/Fibrosis 1294
Lameness/Laminitis/Limb Edema 1294
Lip/Jaw Movement/Eating/Drinking: Abnormal 1294
Mastitis 1294
Mouth Dry, Pupillary Dilation 1294
Rectal Straining/Tenesmus 1294
Renal 1295
Reproductive: Decreased Fertility 1295
Reproductive: Teratogenesis 1295
Reproductive: Weak Neonates/Stillbirths 1295
Respiratory Difficulty: Severe 1295
Salivation: Especially Profuse 1295
Stringhalt-Like 1295
Vomiting/Retching, Persistent 1295
Appendix B: Plants of Concern for Dogs, Cats, and Other Pets 1296
Glossary 1297
Index 1316

"This book is reasonably priced and available in hard copy
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the American Veterinary Medical Association, 15 March 2014)

"Summing Up: Recommended. Toxicology and botany
collections, graduate students and above."
(Choice, 1 August 2013)

"This is simply an outstanding reference: there's nothing
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plants." (Midwest Book Reviews, 1 May 2013)

"Enhanced for ease of use with a comprehensive index,
"Toxic Plants Of North America" is a crucially essential addition
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2013)