Cytochromes c

Cytochromes c are haemoproteins which carry out electron transfer in biological systems. The evolutionary relationships between cytochromes c and their host organisms are described, as well as their structural, spectroscopic and redox properties, including both electron-transfer rates and redox potentials.

1 Stereochemical and Physicochemical Properties of Hernes.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Electronic Structure of Iron.- 1.3 Stereochemistry of Metalloporphyrins.- 1.4 Properties of Ligands.- 1.5 Metal-free and Metal-substituted Cytochrome c.- 2 Spectroscopic Studies of Cytochromes.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Spectroscopic Methods.- 2.3 Selected Applications of Spectroscopy to Cytochromes c.- 3 Amino Acid Sequences of Cytochromes c.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Amino Acid Sequences of Mitochondrial Cytochromes c.- 3.3 Amino Acid Sequences of Cytochromes c1 and Cytochromes f.- 3.4 Amino Acid Sequences of Cytochromes c2.- 3.5 Amino Acid Sequences of Cytochromes c3.- 3.6 Amino Acid Sequences of Cytochromes c4.- 3.7 Amino Acid Sequences of Cytochromes c5.- 3.8 Amino Acid Sequences of Cytochromes c-555.- 3.9 Amino Acid Sequences of Cytochromes c6 (algal cytochrome 'c-553').- 3.10 Amino Acid Sequences of Cytochromes c-551 (Cytochromes c7).- 3.11 Amino Acid Sequences of Class II Cytochromes c (Cytochromes c8).- 3.12 Cytochrome c Peroxidase.- 3.13 The Reaction Centre Cytochrome from Rhodopseudomonas viridis.- 3.14 Amino Acid Sequences of Cytochromes c Which Do Not Fall Into the Established Sequence Classes.- 4 The Structures of Class I Cytochromes c.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 General Features of the Structure of Mitochondrial Cytochrome c.- 4.3 The Cytochrome Fold and Bacterial Class I Cytochromes.- 4.4 pH Dependent Transitions of Cytochromes c.- 4.5 Differences in Conformation and Dynamics between Reduced and Oxidised Cytochrome c.- 4.6 Structural and Functional Effects of Chemical Modifications on Mitochondrial Cytochrome c.- 5 The Structures of Class II, Class III and Class IV Cytochromes c.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Class II Cytochromes c.- 5.3 Class III Cytochromes c.- 5.4 Class IVCytochromes c.- 6 Evolution.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Aspects of Taxonomy.- 6.3 The Construction of Phylogenetic Trees.- 6.4 The Problems and Successes of Molecular Phylogeny.- 6.5 Neutral Mutation and Natural Selection in the Evolution of Cytochrome c.- 6.6 Gene Duplication, Gene Fusion and Pseudogenes.- 6.7 Lateral Gene Transfer.- 6.8 The Concepts of Genus and Species in Bacteria.- 6.9 Endosymbiotic Origin for Eukaryotic Organelles.- 6.10 Remote Relationships.- 7 Redox Potentials.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Ligand Binding.- 7.3 The Coordination Structure of the Metal Ion.- 7.4 Electrostatic Influences on Redox Potential.- 7.5 Multiple Redox Centres.- 7.6 Proton Binding.- 7.7 Conformational Stabilisation.- 8 Electron-Transfer Mechanisms.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 General Aspects of Electron Transfer.- 8.3 Theoretical Considerations of Electron Transfer.- 8.4 Self-Exchange Reactions of Cytochromes c.- 8.5 Cross-Reactions of Cytochromes c.- References.