Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes (eBook)

Cover 1
Preface 6
List of contributors 8
Contents 12
Chapter 1. Functional roles of lipids in membranes 14
1. Introduction and overview 15
2. Diversity in lipid structure 16
3. Properties of lipids in solution 20
4. Engineering of membrane lipid composition 27
5. Role of lipids in cell function 30
6. Summary and future directions 48
Abbreviations 49
References 49
Chapter 2. Lipid modifications of proteins 52
1. Introduction 52
2. Protein prenylation 54
3. Fatty acylation of proteins: N-myristoylation 56
4. Fatty acylation of proteins: S-acylation 57
5. Membrane anchoring of fatty acylated and prenylated proteins: the two-signal hypothesis, lipid switches, and dynamic acylation 59
6. Membrane targeting and intracellular trafficking of fatty acylated and prenylated proteins 61
7. Lipid modifications of secreted proteins: Hedgehog, Wingless/ Wnt, and Spitz 62
8. GPI anchoring of proteins 64
9. Future directions 69
Abbreviations 70
References 70
Chapter 3. Fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism in prokaryotes 72
1. Bacterial lipid metabolism 73
2. Membrane systems of bacteria 76
3. Bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis 77
4. Transfer to the membrane 84
5. Phospholipid biosynthesis 85
6. Lipid A biosynthesis 90
7. Phospholipid flippase 92
8. Degradation of fatty acids and phospholipids 93
9. Phospholipid turnover 97
10. Regulation of lipid metabolism 99
11. Lipid metabolism in other bacteria 103
12. Inhibitors of lipid metabolism 106
13. Future directions 107
Abbreviations 107
References 108
Chapter 4. Lipid metabolism in plants 110
1. Introduction 111
2. Plant lipid geography 112
3. Acyl-ACP synthesis in plants 114
4. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase and control of fatty acid synthesis 117
5. Phosphatidic acid synthesis: ‘prokaryotic’ and ‘eukaryotic’ acyltransferases 117
6. Glycerolipid biosynthetic pathways 120
7. Lipid storage in plants 122
8. Protective lipids: cutin, suberin, and waxes 126
9. Sterol, isoprenoid, and sphingolipid biosynthesis 128
10. Oxylipins as plant hormones 129
11. Progress in plant lipid research: the value of mutants 131
12. Design of new plant oils 135
13. Future prospects 140
Abbreviations 141
References 142
Chapter 5. Oxidation of fatty acids in eukaryotes 144
1. The pathway of -oxidation: a historical account 144
2. Uptake and activation of fatty acids in animal cells 145
3. Fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria 147
4. Fatty acid oxidation in peroxisomes 159
5. Inherited diseases of fatty acid oxidation 164
6. Future directions 165
Abbreviations 166
References 166
Chapter 6. Fatty acid synthesis in eukaryotes 168
1. Introduction 169
2. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 170
3. The cytosolic fatty acid synthase 173
4. The mitochondrial FAS 183
5. Regulation of fatty acid synthesis 184
6. Long-term regulation of fatty acid synthesis 192
7. Future directions 200
Abbreviations 201
References 201
Chapter 7. Fatty acid desaturation and chain elongation in mammals 204
1. Introduction 204
2. Elongation reactions of long-chain fatty acids 206
3. Desaturation of long-chain fatty acid in mammals 211
4. Functions of fatty acids synthesized by .9, .6, and .5 desaturases 216
5. Transcriptional regulation of desaturases and elongases 218
6. Summary and future directions 222
Abbreviations 222
References 223
Chapter 8. Phospholipid biosynthesis in eukaryotes 226
1. Introduction 227
2. Phosphatidic acid biosynthesis and conversion to diacylglycerol 227
3. Phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis 231
4. Regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis 237
5. Phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis 241
6. Phosphatidylserine biosynthesis 245
7. Inositol phospholipids 248
8. Polyglycerophospholipids 249
9. Remodeling of acyl substituents of phospholipids 251
10. Regulation of gene expression in yeast 253
11. Future directions 255
Abbreviations 255
References 256
Chapter 9. Ether-linked lipids and their bioactive species 258
1. Introduction 259
2. Structure 260
3. Historical highlights 261
4. Natural occurrence of ether lipids 262
5. Physical properties 264
6. Biologically active ether lipids 265
7. Enzymes involved in ether lipid synthesis and regulatory controls 268
8. Catabolic enzymes 280
9. Metabolic regulation 284
10. Functions 285
11. Future directions 287
Abbreviations 288
References 288
Chapter 10. Lipid metabolism in adipose tissue 290
1. Introduction 290
2. Adipose development 291
3. Triacylglycerol biosynthesis and mobilization 296
4. Lipid-mediated signal transduction 310
5. Future directions 315
Abbreviations 316
References 316
Chapter 11. Phospholipases 318
1. Overview 318
2. The phospholipases 323
3. Future directions 340
Abbreviations 340
References 341
Chapter 12. The eicosanoids: cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, and epoxygenase pathways 344
1. Introduction 345
2. Prostanoid biosynthesis 348
3. Prostanoid catabolism and mechanisms of action 356
4. Leukotrienes and lipoxygenase products 357
5. Cytochrome P-450s and epoxygenase pathways 370
6. Future directions 373
Abbreviations 373
References 374
Chapter 13. Sphingolipids 376
1. Introduction 377
2. Biochemical properties and functions 385
3. Biosynthesis of sphingolipids 388
4. Sphingolipid catabolism 398
5. Overlaps between backbone sphingolipid signaling and sphingolipid metabolism 404
7. Perspectives and future directions 407
Acknowledgments 408
Abbreviations 408
References 409
Chapter 14. Cholesterol biosynthesis 412
1. Introduction 412
2. The cholesterol biosynthetic pathway 414
3. Regulation of cholesterol synthesis 421
4. Metabolism of cholesterol 429
5. Future directions 432
Abbreviations 432
References 433
Chapter 15. Metabolism and function of bile acids 436
1. Introduction 436
2. Bile acid structure 437
3. Biosynthesis of bile acids 439
4. Transport of bile acids 443
5. Molecular regulation of key enzymes in the bile acid biosynthetic pathways 445
6. The expanding role of bile acids in metabolism 449
7. Future directions 450
Abbreviations 451
References 451
Chapter 16. Lipid assembly into cell membranes 454
1. Introduction 454
2. The diversity of lipids 455
3. Methods to study intra- and intermembrane lipid transport 456
4. Lipid transport processes 461
5. Future directions 495
Abbreviations 496
References 496
Chapter 17. Lipoprotein structure 498
1. Introduction 498
2. Lipid components 501
3. Apolipoproteins 503
4. Complexes of apolipoproteins with lipids 510
5. Future directions 517
Abbreviations 518
References 518
Chapter 18. Assembly and secretion of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins 520
1. Overview of secretion of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins 520
2. Structural features of apo B 523
3. Transcriptional regulation of apo B synthesis 525
4. Models used for studying the secretion of apo B and VLDL 527
5. Covalent modification of apo B 529
6. Regulation of apo B secretion by lipid supply 529
7. Intracellular apo B quality control and degradation 536
8. Metabolic regulation of VLDL secretion: overproductionin in sulin-resistant states 538
9. Assembly and secretion of chylomicrons 539
10. Assembly of lipoprotein(a) 541
11. Future directions 542
Abbreviations 543
References 543
Chapter 19. Dynamics of lipoprotein transport in the circulatory system 546
1. Overview 546
2. Lipoprotein TGs and hydrolysis 550
3. HDL and plasma cholesterol metabolism 557
4. Summary and future directions 565
Abbreviations 565
References 565
Chapter 20. Lipoprotein receptors 568
1. Introduction 569
2. Removal of LDL from the circulation 571
3. Removal of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins from the plasma 578
4. Multifunctional receptors in the chicken 580
5. VLDL receptor, apo E receptor type 2 (apoER2), and LRP1 in signal transduction 581
6. Other relatives of the LDL receptor family 583
7. Scavenger receptors: lipid uptake and beyond 585
8. Future directions 588
Abbreviations 589
References 590
Chapter 21. Lipids and atherosclerosis 592
1. Introduction 592
2. Cholesterol and atherosclerosis 596
3. Oxysterols and atherosclerosis 601
4. Triacylglycerols and atherosclerosis 605
5. Fatty acids and atherosclerosis 606
6. Phospholipids and related lipids 609
7. Future directions 615
Abbreviations 617
References 617
Subject index 620
Color plate section 646