Microbial Glycobiology (eBook)

FRONT COVER 1
MICROBIAL GLYCOBIOLOGY: STRUCTURES, RELEVANCE AND APPLICATIONS 4
COPYRIGHT PAGE 5
CONTENTS 8
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 12
PREFACE 18
PART I: MICROBIAL GLYCOLIPIDS, GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOPOLYMERS 20
Chapter 1. Overview of the glycosylated components of the bacterial cell envelope 22
SUMMARY 22
1. INTRODUCTION – THE BACTERIAL CELL ENVELOPE ENCOUNTERING ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES 22
2. THE GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL ENVELOPE 23
3. THE GRAM-POSITIVE CELL ENVELOPE 27
4. THE MYCOBACTERIAL CELL ENVELOPE 29
5. THE ARCHAEAL CELL ENVELOPES AND S-LAYERS 31
6. CONCLUSIONS 31
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 31
REFERENCES 31
Chapter 2. Bacterial cell envelope peptidoglycan 34
SUMMARY 34
1. INTRODUCTION 34
2. STRUCTURAL VARIATION IN BACTERIAL PEPTIDOGLYCAN 35
3. BIOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN 42
4. THE MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURE OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN 42
5. CONCLUSIONS 43
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 43
REFERENCES 43
Chapter 3. Core region and lipid A components of lipopolysaccharides 48
SUMMARY 48
1. INTRODUCTION 48
2. GENERAL STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE LIPID A MOLECULE 50
3. LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES OF MAMMALIAN PATHOGENIC BACTERIA: THE CASE OF B. CEPACIA COMPLEX 53
4. PLANT PATHOGENIC AGROBACTERIUM AND XANTHOMONAS LPS AND THE ACTIVATION OF INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE IN PLANTS 54
5. STRUCTURAL ELUCIDATION OF LIPID A 56
6. GENERAL STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE CORE REGION 56
7. CORE STRUCTURES OF VARIOUS BACTERIA 57
8. CONCLUSIONS 68
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 69
REFERENCES 69
Chapter 4. O-Specific polysaccharides of Gram-negative bacteria 76
SUMMARY 76
1. INTRODUCTION 76
2. COMPOSITION OF O-PSs 77
3. REPETITIVE O-PS STRUCTURES 81
4. NON-REPETITIVE MOTIFS 85
5. CONCLUSIONS 87
REFERENCES 88
Chapter 5. Teichoic acids, lipoteichoic acids and related cell wall glycopolymers of Gram-positive bacteria 94
SUMMARY 94
1. INTRODUCTION 94
2. TEICHOIC ACID STRUCTURES 95
3. BIOSYNTHESIS OF WTAs AND LTA 98
4. ROLES OF WTAs AND LTA IN BACTERIAL PHYSIOLOGY 102
5. TEICHOIC ACIDS AND HOST CELL RECEPTOR INTERACTION 103
6. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 105
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 106
REFERENCES 106
Chapter 6. Bacterial capsular polysaccharides and exopolysaccharides 112
SUMMARY 112
1. INTRODUCTION 112
2. CARBOHYDRATE COMPONENTS OF CAPSULAR AND EXO-POLYSACCHARIDES 113
3. NON-CARBOHYDRATE SUBSTITUENTS OF CAPSULAR AND EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES 114
4. STRUCTURE OVERVIEW OF BACTERIAL POLYSACCHARIDES 114
5. POLYSACCHARIDE SHAPES 119
6. BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF CAPSULAR AND EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES 120
7. EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES OF THE BURKHOLDERIA CEPACIA COMPLEX: A CASE STUDY 122
8. CONCLUSION 124
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 125
REFERENCES 125
Chapter 7. Bacterial surface layer glycoproteins and "non-classical" secondary cell wall polymers 128
SUMMARY 128
1. INTRODUCTION 129
2. BACTERIAL AND ARCHAEAL S-LAYERS 129
3. GENERAL FEATURES OF GLYCOSYLATED S-LAYER PROTEINS 130
4. GENETICS 133
5. BIOSYNTHESIS 134
6. THE "NON-CLASSICAL" GROUP OF SECONDARY CELL WALL POLYMERS 138
7. OUTLOOK 143
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 144
REFERENCES 144
Chapter 8. Glycosylation of bacterial and archaeal flagellins 148
SUMMARY 148
1. INTRODUCTION 148
2. FLAGELLAR GLYCAN STRUCTURES 150
3. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF FLAGELLAR GLYCANS 155
4. FLAGELLAR GLYCAN BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS 156
5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 159
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 162
REFERENCES 162
Chapter 9. Glycosylated components of the mycobacterial cell wall: structure and function 166
SUMMARY 166
1. CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF MYCOBACTERIUM SPP. 166
2. THE MYCOBACTERIAL ENVELOPE 167
3. THE MYCOBACTERIAL CELL WALL SKELETON: THE MYCOLYLARABINOGALACTAN-PG COMPLEX 168
4. THE SOLUBLE CROSS-SPECIES GLYCOCONJUGATES OF THE MYCOBACTERIAL CELL WALL 170
5. THE SPECIES AND SUB-SPECIES SPECIFIC SOLUBLE GLYCOCONJUGATES OF MYCOBACTERIAL CELL WALLS 177
6. CONCLUSIONS 181
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 181
REFERENCES 181
Chapter 10. Glycoconjugate structure and function in fungal cell walls 188
SUMMARY 188
1. INTRODUCTION 188
2. OVERALL STRUCTURE 189
3. WALL POLYSACCHARIDES 189
4. CELL WALL GLYCOPROTEINS OF ASCOMYCETOUS FUNGI 191
5. CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGAL CELL WALL GLYCOPROTEINS 193
6. THE MANNOPROTEIN GLYCANS 195
7. FUNCTIONS OF WALL GLYCOPROTEINS 198
8. DYNAMICS OF THE FUNGAL WALL PROTEOME 199
9. CONCLUSIONS 200
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 201
REFERENCES 201
Chapter 11. Cytoplasmic carbohydrate molecules: trehalose and glycogen 204
SUMMARY 204
1. INTRODUCTION 204
2. OCCURRENCE, DISTRIBUTION AND FUNCTION OF GLYCOGEN 205
3. STRUCTURE OF GLYCOGEN 206
4. BIOSYNTHESIS OF GLYCOGEN 206
5. DEGRADATION OF GLYCOGEN 209
6. OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF TREHALOSE 210
7. BIOSYNTHESIS OF TREHALOSE 211
8. FUNCTIONS OF TREHALOSE 215
9. CONCLUSIONS 216
REFERENCES 218
Chapter 12. Glycosylated compounds of parasitic protozoa 222
SUMMARY 222
1. INTRODUCTION 222
2. THE SURFACE COATS OF PARASITIC PROTOZOA – AN OVERVIEW 224
3. PROTEIN-LINKED AND FREE GPI GLYCOLIPIDS 225
4. N-LINKED GLYCANS 232
5. O-LINKED GLYCANS 236
6. PHOSPHOGLYCOSYLATION 238
7. PARASITE CYST WALL POLYSACCHARIDES 241
8. INTRACELLULAR RESERVE GLYCANS 242
9. CONCLUSIONS 242
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 244
REFERENCES 244
Chapter 13. Analytical approaches towards the structural characterization of microbial wall glycopolymers 252
SUMMARY 252
1. INTRODUCTION 252
2. ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF BACTERIAL GLYCAN STRUCTURES 253
3. NMR TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED FOR STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF GLYCANS 254
4. MASS SPECTROMETRY OF GLYCANS 261
5. CONCLUSIONS 267
REFERENCES 268
Chapter 14. Single-molecule characterization of microbial polysaccharides 272
SUMMARY 272
1. INTRODUCTION 272
2. ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY AND ITS APPLICATION TO MICROBIAL PSs 273
3. MEASUREMENTS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SINGLE PSs 274
4. ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY AS A TOOL TO INVESTIGATE FUNCTION OF MICROBIAL PSs 278
5. SINGLE-MOLECULE STUDIES OF MICROBIAL PSs USING OPTICAL TECHNIQUES 283
6. CONCLUSIONS 284
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 285
REFERENCES 285
Chapter 15. Viral surface glycoproteins in carbohydrate recognition: structure and modelling 288
SUMMARY 288
1. INTRODUCTION 288
2. INFLUENZA VIRUS 289
3. PARAINFLUENZA 293
4. DENGUE VIRUS 294
5. ROTAVIRUS 296
6. CONCLUSIONS 298
REFERENCES 298
PART II: SYNTHESIS OF MICROBIAL GLYCOSYLATED COMPONENTS 304
A. Biosynthesis and biosynthetic processes 304
Chapter 16. Biosynthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan 306
SUMMARY 306
1. INTRODUCTION 306
2. ASSEMBLY OF THE MONOMER UNIT 307
3. TRANSLOCATION OF THE MONOMER UNIT 315
4. POLYMERIZATION OF THE MONOMER UNIT 316
5. VARIATIONS IN PEPTIDOGLYCAN BIOSYNTHESIS 318
6. IN VIVO FUNCTIONING OF THE MONOMER UNIT ASSEMBLY 318
7. IN VIVO FUNCTIONING OF THE POLYMERIZATION PROCESS 319
8. INHIBITION OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN BIOSYNTHESIS 320
9. CONCLUDING REMARKS 320
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 320
REFERENCES 321
Chapter 17. Biosynthesis and membrane assembly of lipid A 324
SUMMARY 324
1. INTRODUCTION 324
2. THE CONSTITUTIVE LIPID A BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY 325
3. TRANSPORT 328
4. MODIFICATION OF THE Kdo-LIPID A DOMAIN OF LPS 328
5. CONCLUSIONS 333
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 334
REFERENCES 334
Chapter 18. Biosynthesis of O-antigen chains and assembly 338
SUMMARY 338
1. INTRODUCTION 338
2. THE E. COLI K-12 (O16) O-ANTIGEN 339
3. S. ENTERICA LT2 AND A FAMILY OF O-ANTIGENS 341
4. INITIAL TRANSFERASES THAT INITIATE O-ANTIGEN SYNTHESIS 341
5. OVERVIEW OF THE WZX/WZY PATHWAY 343
6. THE ABC TRANSPORTER PATHWAY 349
7. THE SYNTHASE PATHWAY 350
8. CONCLUSIONS 350
REFERENCES 352
Chapter 19. Biosynthesis of cell wall teichoic acid polymers 356
SUMMARY 356
1. INTRODUCTION 356
2. MODEL OF TEICHOIC ACID BIOSYNTHESIS 358
3. BIOSYNTHESIS OF WTA PRECURSORS 358
4. STUDYING MEMBRANE ACTIVITIES 361
5. LINKAGE UNIT GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASES 362
6. TEICHOIC ACID POLYMER BIOSYNTHESIS 363
7. OUTSTANDING ISSUES 366
8. CONCLUSIONS 366
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 367
REFERENCES 367
Chapter 20. Biosynthesis and assembly of capsular polysaccharides 370
SUMMARY 370
1. INTRODUCTION 370
2. BIOSYNTHESIS AND TRANSPORT OF CPSs ACROSS THE INNER MEMBRANE 371
3. CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE EXPORT ACROSS THE OUTER MEMBRANE 380
4. BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN THE INNER AND OUTER MEMBRANES 382
5. CELL-SURFACE ATTACHMENT OF THE CPS 384
6. CONCLUSIONS 384
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 385
REFERENCES 385
Chapter 21. Biosynthesis of the mycobacterial cell envelope components 394
SUMMARY 394
1. MYCOBACTERIAL GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASES 394
2. BIOCHEMISTRY AND GENETICS OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN (PG) SYNTHESIS 396
3. BIOCHEMISTRY AND GENETICS OF AG SYNTHESIS 397
4. BIOSYNTHESIS AND GENETICS OF THE PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-(PI-) CONTAINING PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-MANNOSIDES (PIMS), LMs AND LAMs 400
5. BIOSYNTHESIS AND GENETICS OF THE GLYCOPEPTIDOLIPIDS 402
6. BIOSYNTHESIS AND GENETICS OF THE PHTHIOCEROL-CONTAINING LIPIDS 403
7. BIOSYNTHESIS OF THE TREHALOSE-CONTAINING GLYCOLIPIDS 406
8. CONCLUSIONS 406
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 407
REFERENCES 407
Chapter 22. Biosynthesis of fungal and yeast glycans 412
SUMMARY 412
1. INTRODUCTION 412
2. PRECURSORS FOR GLYCAN SYNTHESIS 413
3. FUNGAL PROTEIN GLYCOSYLATION 414
4. FUNGAL GLYCOLIPIDS 421
5. FUNGAL CELL WALL POLYMERS 423
6. INTRACELLULAR GLYCANS 426
7. EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES 426
8. CONCLUSIONS 427
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 428
REFERENCES 428
B. Chemical synthesis 432
Chapter 23. Chemical synthesis of bacterial lipid A 434
SUMMARY 434
1. INTRODUCTION 434
2. EARLY CHEMICAL SYNTHESES OF BACTERIAL LIPID A 435
3. IMPROVED SYNTHESIS OF LIPID A ANALOGUES 437
4. SYNTHESIS OF LIPID A CONTAINING AN UNSATURATED FATTY ACYL GROUP 442
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 443
REFERENCES 445
Chapter 24. Chemical synthesis of the core oligosaccharide of bacterial lipopolysaccharide 448
SUMMARY 448
1. INTRODUCTION 448
2. SYNTHESIS OF 3-DEOXY-D-MANNO-OCT-2-ULOSONIC ACID (Kdo)- AND D-GLYCERO-D-TALO-OCT-2-ULOSONIC ACID (Ko)- CONTAINING CORE STRUCTURES 449
3. SYNTHESIS OF HEPTOSE-CONTAINING CORE STRUCTURES 457
4. SYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHORYLATED CORE UNITS 466
5. SYNTHESIS OF OUTER CORE UNITS 468
6. CONCLUDING REMARKS 469
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 471
REFERENCES 471
Chapter 25. Chemical synthesis of lipoteichoic acid and derivatives 474
SUMMARY 474
1. INTRODUCTION 474
2. VAN BOOM'S SYNTHESIS OF S. AUREUS LTA TYPE I 475
3. KUSUMOTO'S SYNTHESIS OF LTA FRAGMENTS FROM ENTEROCOCCUS HIRAE AND STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES 480
4. SCHMIDT'S SYNTHESIS OF LTA TYPE I FROM S. AUREUS 488
5. CONCLUSION 492
REFERENCES 494
Chapter 26. Chemical synthesis of parasitic glycoconjugates and phosphoglycans 496
SUMMARY 496
1. INTRODUCTION 496
2. CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF PARASITIC GLYCOCONJUGATES (GPI ANCHORS) 498
3. CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF PARASITIC PHOSPHOGLYCANS OF LEISHMANIA 550
4. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 560
REFERENCES 564
PART III: MICROBE–HOST GLYCOSYLATED INTERACTIONS 568
Chapter 27. Bacterial lectin-like interactions in cell recognition and adhesion 570
SUMMARY 570
1. INTRODUCTION 570
2. MANNOSE-SPECIFIC BACTERIAL LECTINS 574
3. FUCOSE-SPECIFIC BACTERIAL LECTINS 574
4. GALACTOSE AND GalNAc-SPECIFIC BACTERIAL LECTINS 575
5. N-ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE-SPECIFIC BACTERIAL LECTINS 575
6. TISSUE TROPISM OF UPEC 576
7. UTILIZING GLYCAN ARRAY TECHNOLOGY TO IDENTIFY AND CHARACTERIZE NOVEL BACTERIA–CARBOHYDRATE INTERACTIONS 578
8. INHIBITORS OF LECTIN-MEDIATED ADHESION OF BACTERIA TO HOST CELLS 579
9. CONCLUSIONS 581
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 581
REFERENCES 581
Chapter 28. Lectin-like interactions in virus–cell recognition: human immunodeficiency virus and C-type lectin interactions 586
SUMMARY 586
1. INTRODUCTION 586
2. MAKING IT STICK: Env MEDIATES HIV ATTACHMENT AND ENTRY INTO HOST CELLS 588
3. PROMOTION OF HIV CAPTURE, TRANS-INFECTION AND DISSEMINATION BY DC-SIGN – THE PARADIGM REVISITED 589
4. BINDING OF HIV TO DC-SIGN ON B-CELLS AND PLATELETS – MODULATION OF IMMUNE RESPONSES AND TRANS-INFECTION OF T-CELLS 594
5. IMPACT OF DC-SIGN POLYMORPHISMS ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO HIV INFECTION 595
6. LANGERIN ON LANGERHANS CELLS – BARRIER AGAINST HIV TRANSMISSION? 596
7. DC-SIGNR AND LSECtin – CONSEQUENCES OF HIV CAPTURE BY VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS 596
8. CONCLUSIONS 597
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 598
REFERENCES 598
Chapter 29. Sialic acid-specific microbial lectins 604
SUMMARY 604
1. INTRODUCTION 604
2. ROLE OF SIALIC ACID-SPECIFIC MICROBIAL LECTINS IN HOST CELL ATTACHMENT 605
3. CONSERVED BINDING SITE OF SIALIC ACID-SPECIFIC MICROBIAL LECTINS 610
4. SIALIC ACID-BINDING DOMAIN ASSOCIATED WITH BACTERIAL SIALIC ACID TRANSPORT SYSTEMS 612
5. CONCLUSIONS 614
REFERENCES 614
Chapter 30. Bacterial toxins and their carbohydrate receptors at the host–pathogen interface 618
SUMMARY 618
1. INTRODUCTION 618
2. TOXIN RECEPTOR GSL-BINDING 620
3. INTRACELLULAR TRAFFICKING OF GSLs 624
4. INTRACELLULAR TOXIN TRAFFIC 625
5. GLYCOSPHINGOLIPID RECEPTORS AND TOXIN-INDUCED PATHOLOGY 628
6. TOXIN-GSL-MEDIATED SIGNALLING 629
7. Gb[sub(3)] AND DRUG RESISTANCE 630
8. VEROTOXIN1 AS AN ANTI-NEOPLASTIC 631
9. VEROTOXIN OPENS A WINDOW FOR HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) THERAPY 632
10. CONCLUSIONS 633
REFERENCES 633
Chapter 31. Toll-like receptor recognition of lipoglycans, glycolipids and lipopeptides 642
SUMMARY 642
1. INTRODUCTION 642
2. TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS IN VERTEBRATES 643
3. TLR-2 644
4. TLR-4 647
5. CONCLUSIONS 649
REFERENCES 651
Chapter 32. NOD receptor recognition of peptidoglycan 656
SUMMARY 656
1. BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN: AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 656
2. THE NOD-LIKE PROTEINS: RECEPTORS OF THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM 657
3. STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS OF PG FOR NOD PROTEINS DETECTION 660
4. THE ROLE OF NOD PROTEINS IN SENSING OF BACTERIAL INFECTIONS 662
5. PEPTIDOGLYCAN METABOLISM AND MODULATION OF NOD-DEPENDENT RESPONSES 664
6. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 667
REFERENCES 668
Chapter 33. Microbial interaction with mucus and mucins 674
SUMMARY 674
1. INTRODUCTION 674
2. OVERALL EFFECT OF EPITHELIAL COLONIZATION ON MUCUS AND MUCINS 680
3. THE ROLE OF MICROBES IN THE NORMAL TURNOVER OF MUCUS GELS 681
4. MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS WITH MEMBRANE-ASSOCIATED MUCINS 681
5. MICROBIAL BINDING AND HOMING TO SECRETED MUCINS 682
6. MICROBIAL PENETRATION OF MUCUS GELS 684
7. MICROBIALLY MEDIATED RE-PROGRAMMING OF HOST GLYCOSYLATION 684
8. PATHOLOGIES OF MUCUS TURNOVER, ABNORMAL COLONIZATION, AND BIOFILM FORMATION 686
9. CONCLUSIONS 686
REFERENCES 688
Chapter 34. Mannose–fucose recognition by DC-SIGN 692
SUMMARY 692
1. INTRODUCTION 692
2. DC-SIGN STRUCTURE AND EXPRESSION 694
3. SELECTIVE RECOGNITION OF MAN- AND FUC-CONTAINING GLYCANS BY DC-SIGN 697
4. IN VIVO FUNCTION AND ROLE IN DENDRITIC CELL BIOLOGY OF DC-SIGN 701
5. PATHOGENS TARGET DC-SIGN TO SUBVERT HOST IMMUNE RESPONSES 704
6. CONCLUSIONS 708
REFERENCES 710
Chapter 35. Host surfactant proteins in microbial recognition 716
SUMMARY 716
1. INTRODUCTION – GENERAL OVERVIEW ON SURFACTANT PROTEINS 716
2. GENOMIC ORGANIZATION 718
3. MOLECULAR STRUCTURE 718
4. BIOSYNTHESIS AND TISSUE DISTRIBUTION OF SP-A AND SP-D 721
5. REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION 721
6. PUTATIVE RECEPTORS FOR SP-A AND SP-D 722
7. DIVERSE FUNCTIONS OF SP-A AND SP-D 724
8. CLINICAL APPLICATIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE 727
9. CONCLUSIONS 728
REFERENCES 728
Chapter 36. T-Cell recognition of microbial lipoglycans and glycolipids 734
SUMMARY 734
1. INTRODUCTION 734
2. STRUCTURE AND CELL BIOLOGY OF CD1 ANTIGEN-PRESENTING MOLECULES 735
3. STRUCTURE OF GLYCOLIPID ANTIGENS 738
4. PRESENTATION OF LIPID ANTIGENS 743
5. PRIMING, EXPANSION AND GENERATION OF MEMORY GLYCOLIPID-SPECIFIC T-CELLS 747
6. EFFECTOR FUNCTIONS OF GLYCOLIPID-SPECIFIC T-CELLS 747
7. CONCLUSIONS 747
REFERENCES 749
PART IV: BIOLOGICAL RELEVANCE OF MICROBIAL GLYCOSYLATED COMPONENTS 752
A. Environmental relevance 752
Chapter 37. Extracellular polymeric substances in microbial biofilms 754
SUMMARY 754
1. INTRODUCTION – BIOFILM SYSTEMS 754
2. EXTRACELLULAR POLYMERIC SUBSTANCES (EPS) IN BIOFILMS 755
3. NATURE AND APPEARANCE OF MICROBIAL EPS STRUCTURES 756
4. THE BIOFILM MATRIX AND ITS LITERATURE RE-EXAMINED 757
5. ISSUES CONCERNING EPS FUNCTION IN BIOFILM SYSTEMS 761
6. EPS FUNCTIONALITY – A NOVEL PERSPECTIVE 763
7. CONCLUSIONS 770
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 772
REFERENCES 772
Chapter 38. Physicochemical properties of microbial glycopolymers 778
SUMMARY 778
1. INTRODUCTION 778
2. LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES 779
3. RHAMNOLIPIDS 786
4. MYCOBACTERIAL GLYCOPOLYMERS 791
5. FUTURE OUTLOOK 793
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 793
REFERENCES 794
Chapter 39. Microbial biofilm-related polysaccharides in biofouling and corrosion 800
SUMMARY 800
1. INTRODUCTION – BIOFILM SYSTEMS 800
2. BIOFILM-RELATED PSs IN BIOFOULING AND CORROSION 801
3. BIOFOULING CAUSING ENVIRONMENTAL AND INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS 804
4. MICROBIALLY INFLUENCED CORROSION (MIC) 811
5. CONCLUSIONS 814
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 816
REFERENCES 816
Chapter 40. Microbial glycosylated components in plant disease 822
SUMMARY 822
1. INTRODUCTION 822
2. INDUCED DEFENCE RESPONSES IN PLANTS 823
3. THE DIVERSE ROLES OF BACTERIAL LPSs IN PLANT DISEASE 824
4. BACTERIAL PG AS A MAMP 829
5. THE MULTIPLE ROLES OF EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES (EPSs) 830
6. BACTERIAL CYCLIC GLUCAN AND SUPPRESSION OF HOST DEFENCES 833
7. FUNGAL CHITIN AND OOMYCETE GLUCAN AS MAMPs 834
8. CONCLUDING REMARKS 835
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 836
REFERENCES 837
B. Medical relevance 840
Chapter 41. Antigenic variation of microbial surface glycosylated molecules 842
SUMMARY 842
1. INTRODUCTION 842
2. PROTEIN-LINKED GLYCOSYLATION 843
3. LIPID-LINKED GLYCOSYLATION 846
4. CAPSULES 850
5. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 851
REFERENCES 852
Chapter 42. Phase variation of bacterial surface glycosylated molecules in immune evasion 858
SUMMARY 858
1. INTRODUCTION 858
2. MOLECULAR MIMICRY OF HUMAN ANTIGENS BY THE LOSs OF PATHOGENIC NEISSERIA AND HAEMOPHILUS 859
3. THE LOS OF N. GONORRHOEAE MIMICS HUMAN PARAGLOBOSIDE AND SERVES AS A LIGAND TO THE ASIALOGLYCOPROTEIN RECEPTOR 861
4. THE LOS OF NTHi MIMICS THE HUMAN PLATELET-ACTIVATING FACTOR (PAF) AND CAN ACT AS A LIGAND FOR THE PLATELET-ACTIVATING FACTOR RECEPTOR (PAF-R) ON AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS 863
5. CONCLUSIONS 865
REFERENCES 866
Chapter 43. Molecular mimicry of host glycosylated structures by bacteria 868
SUMMARY 868
1. INTRODUCTION 868
2. EXPRESSION OF GANGLIOSIDE MIMICRY BY C. JEJUNI 869
3. C. JEJUNI GANGLIOSIDE MIMICRY AND PATHOGENIC ANTI-GANGLIOSIDE ANTIBODIES 869
4. RELEVANCE OF MOLECULAR MICMICRY IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF GBS 873
5. EXPRESSION OF LE ANTIGENS IN H. PYLORI LPS 875
6. ROLES OF LPS-EXPRESSED LE ANTIGENS IN H. PYLORI PATHOGENESIS 878
7. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK 884
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 885
REFERENCES 886
Chapter 44. Role of microbial glycosylation in host cell invasion 892
SUMMARY 892
1. INTRODUCTION 892
2. LPSs AND LOSs IN CELL INVASION 892
3. ROLE OF BACTERIAL CAPSULES IN INVASIVENESS 897
4. ROLE OF PROTEIN GLYCOSYLATION IN INVASION 899
5. CONCLUSIONS 900
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 901
REFERENCES 901
PART V: BIOTECHNOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONS 906
Chapter 45. Exopolysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria in food and probiotic applications 908
SUMMARY 908
1. INTRODUCTION 908
2. THE EPSs FROM LAB 909
3. TECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF EPS FROM LAB IN DAIRY PRODUCTS 913
4. HEALTH BENEFITS OF EPS FROM LAB AND BIFIDOBACTERIA FOR PROBIOTIC APPLICATIONS 915
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE TRENDS 919
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 920
REFERENCES 920
Chapter 46. Industrial exploitation by genetic engineering of bacterial glycosylation systems 924
SUMMARY 924
1. INTRODUCTION 924
2. N-GLYCOSYLATION PATHWAY IN C. JEJUNI 925
3. PILIN O-GLYCOSYLATION IN P. AERUGINOSA 927
4. PILIN O-GLYCOSYLATION IN NEISSERIA SPP. 927
5. RECOMBINANT PROTEIN N- AND O-GLYCOSYLATION IN E. COLI 928
6. TOWARDS A NEW ERA IN GLYCO-ENGINEERING 929
7. CONCLUSIONS 933
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 934
REFERENCES 934
Chapter 47. Glycomimetics as inhibitors in anti-infection therapy 936
SUMMARY 936
1. INTRODUCTION 936
2. REPLACEMENT OF THE RING OXYGEN 937
3. REPLACEMENT OF THE GLYCOSIDIC OXYGEN 943
4. MIMICKING SPECIFIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS WITHIN SUGARS – SIALYLMIMETICS 946
5. GLYCOMIMETICS IN CURRENT CLINICAL USE AS ANTI-INFECTIVES 948
6. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 949
REFERENCES 950
Chapter 48. Bacterial polysaccharide vaccines: glycoconjugates and peptide-mimetics 954
SUMMARY 954
1. INTRODUCTION 954
2. CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE–PROTEIN CONJUGATES 955
3. SYNTHETIC GLYCOCONJUGATE VACCINES 968
4. PEPTIDE-MIMETICS OF POLYSACCHARIDE EPITOPES 970
5. CONCLUSIONS 972
REFERENCES 973
Chapter 49. Immunomodulation by zwitterionic polysaccharides 978
SUMMARY 978
1. INTRODUCTION 978
2. IMMUNOMODULATION BY POLYSACCHARIDES 979
3. ZWITTERIONIC POLYSACCHARIDES (ZPSs) 981
4. ACTIVATION OF T-CELLS BY ZPSs THROUGH INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNOMODULATION 984
5. BIOLOGICAL IMPACT OF ZPS-INDUCED T-CELL ACTIVATION 992
6. POTENTIAL FOR ZPSs AS THERAPEUTICS 995
7. CONCLUSIONS 997
REFERENCES 999
Chapter 50. Future potential of glycomics in microbiology and infectious diseases 1002
SUMMARY 1002
1. INTRODUCTION 1002
2. ADVANCES IN CARBOHYDRATE ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES 1003
3. FUTURE OUTLOOK 1005
REFERENCES 1005
INDEX 1008
A 1008
B 1008
C 1008
D 1010
E 1010
F 1011
G 1011
H 1012
I 1013
K 1013
L 1013
M 1015
N 1016
O 1017
P 1017
R 1018
S 1018
T 1019
U 1020
V 1020
W 1021
X 1021
Y 1021
Z 1021
COLOUR PLATES 1022