Chemistry and Biology of Water, Air and Soil (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Chemistry and Biology of Water, Air and Soil Environmental Aspects 4
Copyright Page 5
CONTENTS 8
Chapter 1- INTRODUCTION 22
Chapter 2- WATER, AIR AND SOIL – FUNDAMENTAL SOURCES OF THE BIOSPHERE 24
2.1 Biosphere 24
2.2 Air 30
2.3 Water 31
2.4 Soil 32
References 34
Chapter 3- THE CHEMISTRY OF WATER 35
3.1 Composition and structure of pure water 35
References 40
3.2 Physical properties of water and aqueous solutions 40
References 57
3.3 Chemical reactions and equilibria in waters 57
References 86
3.4 Chemical composition of water 87
References 170
3.5 Natural waters 174
References 202
3.6 Drinking water 203
References 215
3.7 Service and industrial waters 217
References 224
3.8 The recipient and its pollution 227
References 234
3.9 Wastewaters 235
References 264
3.10 Physical, physico-chemical and chemical methods of treatment and purification 266
References 287
3.11 Sludges, their disposal and utilization 290
References 299
3.12 Chemical analysis of water 300
References 344
Chapter 4- BIOLOGY OF WATER 347
4.1 Foundations of the ecology of aquatic organisms 347
References 375
4.2 Microbiology of water 376
References 426
4.3 Macroorganisms in surface waters 428
4.4 Macroorganisms of groundwaters and springs 444
References 446
4.5 Biological wastewater treatment 447
References 461
Chapter 5- CHEMISTRY OF AIR 462
5.1 Composition and structure of air 462
References 484
5.2 Polluted air 485
References 533
5.3 The formation of pollutants in industry and transportation 535
References 565
5.4 Emission control 566
References 587
5.5 The analysis of the atmosphere 588
References 623
Chapter 6- THE BIOLOGY OF THE ATMOSPHERE 625
6.1 Microbiology of the atmosphere 625
References 635
6.2 Air palynology 636
References 641
Chapter 7- THE CHEMISTRY OF SOIL 642
7.1 Soil structure 642
References 666
7.2 The main characteristics of the soil 666
References 674
7.3 Inorganic substances in the soil 674
References 681
7.4 Organomineral compounds in the soil 681
References 683
7.5 The categorization and systematics of soils 683
References 686
7.6 The pollution of soil by non-natural substances 686
References 692
7.7 The effect of irrigation, improvement techniques and cultivation on the soil 693
References 694
7.8 The motion and conversions of chemical substances in the soil 694
References 705
7.9 Soil analysis 705
References 719
Chapter 8- SOIL BIOLOGY 720
8.1 Soil microorganisms 720
References 739
8.2 Soil fauna 740
References 744
Chapter 9- HUMAN EXPOSURE TO TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN WATER, AIR AND SOIL 745
9.1 Toxic substances 745
9.2 Routes of toxic substances through the body 747
References 749
9.3 Metabolism of toxic substances 750
References 756
9.4 Disturbance of enzyme action 756
References 759
9.5 Damage to the genetic material 759
References 762
9.6 The ecotoxicology of water pollutants 763
References 795
9.7 The ecotoxicology of air pollutants 797
References 828
9.8 Ecotoxicology of soil 831
References 852
SUBJECT INDEX 854