Creativity (eBook)

Front cover 1
Title page 4
Copyright page 5
Table of contents 8
Preface 10
Everyday and eminent creativity 11
The field of creative studies and the creativity complex 11
Organization of the book 12
1 Cognition and Creativity 14
INTRODUCTION 14
CREATIVITY AND INTELLIGENCE 15
Threshold Theory 19
Associative Theory 24
ANALOGICAL THINKING AND METAPHOR 25
PROBLEM SOLVING 27
PROBLEM FINDING 29
STAGE MODELS OF CREATIVE COGNITION 32
RESTRUCTURING AND INSIGHT 36
EXPERIENCE, EXPERTISE, INFORMATION, AND INSIGHT 38
INTUITION 39
UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSES AND CREATIVE COGNITION 42
Componential Theories 43
PERCEPTION AND CREATIVITY 45
SYNAESTHESIA 46
MINDFULNESS 47
OVERINCLUSIVE THINKING 47
CONCLUSION 49
2 Developmental Trends and Influences on Creativity 52
INTRODUCTION 53
TRENDS AND STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT 54
Piagetian Theory 56
PEER STATUS AND CREATIVITY 75
ADULT DEVELOPMENT 77
Postformal Stage and Problem Finding 77
Old Age Style 78
CONCLUSION 80
3 Biological Perspectives on Creativity 84
INTRODUCTION 85
HEMISPHERIC ASYMMETRY AND THE SPLIT BRAIN 86
HANDEDNESS AND HEMISPHERICITY 90
BRAIN WAVES AND THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM 91
PREFRONTAL CORTEX 92
Specialization within the Prefrontal Cortex 97
HIERARCHIES WITHIN THE BRAIN 99
CEREBELLUM AND CREATIVITY 101
THE EMOTIONAL BRAIN 103
MANIPULATIONS OF THE HUMAN BRAIN 106
THE BRAIN OF ALBERT EINSTEIN 107
ALTERED STATES AND BRAIN FUNCTION 108
Hypnosis 109
Drugs and Creativity 109
Exercise and Stress 111
Stress and Creativity 112
Group Differences 113
Age Differences and Maturation 113
DIFFERENT TASKS, DIFFERENT STRUCTURES, AND NETWORKS 114
GENETIC BASIS OF CREATIVE POTENTIAL 115
The First Candidate Genes for Creativity 116
Twin and Adoption Studies 117
Genealogies 118
CONCLUSION 119
4 Health and Clinical Perspectives 128
INTRODUCTION 129
AFFECTIVE DISORDERS 129
AFFECT AND MOOD 131
SUICIDE 135
Longevity 139
STRESS 141
ANXIETY 142
ALCOHOLISM AND DRUG ABUSE 144
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PROCESS 146
PSYCHOSIS AND PSYCHOTICISM 150
ADHD AND CREATIVITY 157
PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENTS 158
ADAPTABILITY AND MALADAPTATIONS 159
Culture, Creativity, and Adaptability 160
ENCOURAGING CREATIVITY 162
SELF-ACTUALIZATION AND THE COURAGE TO CREATE 162
CONCLUSION 163
5 Social, Attributional, and Organizational Perspectives 166
INTRODUCTION 167
SOCIAL INFLUENCES ON ENVIRONMENTS AND SETTINGS 167
SOCIAL JUDGMENT 169
CONCERNS WITH SOCIAL AND ATTRIBUTIONAL PERSPECTIVES 170
BIAS IN SOCIAL JUDGMENT 172
COLLABORATION AND CREATIVITY 172
COMPETITION AND CREATIVITY 174
PERSON-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS 174
ORGANIZATIONAL THEORIES 176
ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE 177
Optimal Teams 179
Brainstorming in Teams and Organizations 179
Virtual Teams 182
LEADERS AND LEADERSHIP 182
ORGANIZATIONAL ATTITUDE 183
Meta-Analysis of Organizational Factors 183
COMMUNITARIANISM AND CREATIVITY 184
AGGREGATE CREATIVITY AND SOCIETY AT LARGE 185
HUMAN CAPITAL AND THE CREATIVE CLASS 186
CONCLUSION 188
6 Educational Perspectives 190
INTRODUCTION 191
THE IDEAL STUDENT 193
IMPLICIT THEORIES OF TEACHERS 196
TEACHING EXPERIENCE 199
CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT AND SETTING 201
TEACHERS AND MENTORS 202
Squelchers 203
Immunizing Students 204
EGO-STRENGTH AND SELF-EFFICACY 204
CREATIVE ATTITUDES 205
ENHANCING IMAGERY AND ARTISTIC SKILLS 206
PROBLEM FINDING AND EDUCATION 206
REMOTE MODELS 207
BRAINSTORMING 208
INFORMATION AND CREATIVITY 209
EXPLICIT INSTRUCTIONS 212
LEARNING THEORIES 213
Operant Theory 213
GOODBYE TEACHER 216
GENERALIZATION AND MAINTENANCE 219
META-COGNITION 220
DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN AND REINFORCEMENT 220
GIFTED STUDENTS 222
CONCLUSION 223
7 History and Historiometry 226
INTRODUCTION 227
HISTORICAL ANALYSES 228
PREHISTORY 233
ZEITGEIST AS HISTORICAL PROCESS 234
A GENIUS AHEAD OF HIS OR HER TIME? 235
MULTIPLE DISCOVERIES AND SIMULTANEITIES 235
TOOLS AND CREATIVITY 239
LAMARCKIAN EVOLUTION AND CHANGE 242
DOMAIN DIFFERENCES AND DOMAIN- SPECIFIC 243
CREATING OUR SENSE OF SELF 244
ECONOMIC CHANGES INFLUENCING CULTURE AND HISTORY 244
The Clockwork Muse 245
Catastrophe and Opportunity 245
CREATIVITY IN PORTLAND, OREGON 246
SERENDIPITY 248
WAR AND RELIGION 249
TRIGGER EFFECTS AND EMERGENESIS 250
MATTHEW, PYGMALION, AND FOUNDER EFFECTS 251
THE INDIVIDUAL IN HISTORY 252
LIMITATIONS AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE HISTORICAL APPROACH 260
PRODUCTIVITY 260
REPUTATIONAL PATHS 261
Misjudgment 263
Judgments by Famous Creative People 266
ART HISTORY 266
ROMANTICISM 269
CREATIVITY IN SOCIAL CONTEXT 271
CONCLUSION 272
8 Culture and Creativity 276
INTRODUCTION 276
COLLECTIVISM AND CREATIVITY 277
FAMILIES, EDUCATION, AND VALUES 279
CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON ERROR 279
STOP RULES, CONVENTIONS, AND CULTURAL INHIBITION 280
TOLERANCE, TALENT, AND TECHNOLOGY 281
EMPIRICAL STUDIES 282
Cultural Rankings 284
Age Differences within Culture 285
FAMILY AND EDUCATION 285
CULTURAL TRADITIONS AND CREATIVITY 286
CREATIVITY IN ORGANIZATIONS AND BUSINESS 286
CULTURAL PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES 286
IMPLICIT THEORIES 287
CULTURAL METAPHORS FOR CREATIVITY 288
CONCLUSION 289
9 Personality and Motivation 292
INTRODUCTION 293
PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT AND RESEARCH 294
LONGITUDINAL STUDIES 299
PERSONALITY OF ART STUDENTS 300
AUTONOMY, INDEPENDENCE, AND NONCONFORMITY 301
SELF-CONTROL 302
CONTROLLED WEIRDNESS 303
DEVIANCE 303
PSYCHOTICISM 304
IMPULSIVITY AND ADVENTUROUSNESS 304
CONTRARIANISM 305
CHILDLIKE TENDENCIES, PLAYFULNESS, DAYDREAMING, AND PARACOSMS 307
PERSEVERANCE AND PERSISTENCE 308
OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE 309
ANXIETY 310
TOLERANCE OF AMBIGUITY 310
SENSITIVITY 311
CONFIDENCE 312
SELF-PROMOTION 315
INTROVERSION 315
PARADOXICAL PERSONALITIES AND ANTIMONIES 317
SELF-ACTUALIZATION 318
MOTIVATION 319
VALUES 322
CREATIVE PERSONAL IDENTITY AND CREATIVE PERSONAL EFFICACY 325
VALUES, RISK TOLERANCE, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ANDROGYNY 327
CONCLUSION 327
10 Enhancement and the Fulfi llment of Potential 332
INTRODUCTION 333
TACTICAL CREATIVITY AND METACOGNITION 335
SHIFT PERSPECTIVES 337
TURN THE SITUATION UPSIDE DOWN 337
FIND OR APPLY AN ANALOGY 338
BORROW, ADAPT, OR STEAL TACTICS 339
CONSIDER THE NATURAL WORLD 341
SIMPLIFY 342
EXPERIMENT 342
DEVIATION AMPLIFICATION 344
PERSISTENCE 344
TRAVEL 345
QUESTION ASSUMPTIONS 347
REDEFINE THE PROBLEM OR SITUATION 348
Change the Representation 348
Change the Level of Analysis 348
Zoom In, or Zoom Out 349
KEEP AN OPEN MIND 349
CONTRARIANISM 351
DON'T BE A DAMN FOOL 353
LET IT HAPPEN 356
AVOIDANCE TACTICS 357
FLEXIBLE USE OF TACTICS 357
PROGRAMS AND MULTIPLE STEP METHODS FOR CREATIVE THINKING 358
Synectics 358
Creative Problem Solving ( CPS) 359
Lateral Thinking 360
Bed, Bath, and the Bus 361
IDEAL 361
Harman-Rheingold 362
Brainstorming 363
TACTICS FOR ORGANIZATIONS 365
Blocks in the Natural Environment 367
COMPETITION 369
ENHANCEMENT IN THE CLASSROOM 370
CREATIVITY AND EDUCATION OF OLDER ADULTS 372
TACTICS SPECIFICALLY FOR DISCOVERY 373
Hated Inventions 375
TECHNIQUES FOR INVENTION 375
TRIZ 378
ANALYSES OF ENHANCEMENT EFFORTS 381
CONCLUSION 384
11 Conclusion: What Creativity Is and What It Is Not 388
INTRODUCTION 389
IMAGINATION 390
ORIGINALITY 392
INNOVATION AND CREATIVITY 393
INVENTION VERSUS CREATIVITY 401
DISCOVERY AND CREATIVITY 403
Discovery of Chaos 404
SERENDIPITY AND CHANCE 407
CREATIVITY AS IRRATIONAL OR RATIONAL 409
PSEUDO-CREATIVITY 410
Adaptation and Creativity 411
Evolutionary Theories 413
ART AND MATING DISPLAY AND THE REPRODUCTIVE BENEFITS 415
Evolution of Aesthetics 416
FLEXIBILITY 417
PROACTIVE CREATIVITY 417
DISTRIBUTION OF CREATIVE TALENTS 419
CONCLUSION 423
FINAL COMMENTS 425
References 426
Index 490